tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16173832838165608772024-03-19T01:30:56.872-07:00Berbagi Ilmurahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.comBlogger26125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-76344774079700691752014-11-27T18:59:00.003-08:002014-11-27T18:59:53.608-08:00EGGPLANT PLANTING IN POTS<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit2LdDuWOXHgynzqTwG0MJY4awSBKUEg0knZFiydliT1WvnWkuv9yEX9wpLDcfnZiokjAYqPbGpOPvOtcYcnI2PP3e4DWP_SApOUdt31XLpj30etIq5vg9TyITfa2661HO3mKqtI-4QzWf/s1600/index.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit2LdDuWOXHgynzqTwG0MJY4awSBKUEg0knZFiydliT1WvnWkuv9yEX9wpLDcfnZiokjAYqPbGpOPvOtcYcnI2PP3e4DWP_SApOUdt31XLpj30etIq5vg9TyITfa2661HO3mKqtI-4QzWf/s1600/index.jpg" /></a><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">Eggplant</span> <span class="hps">planting</span> <span class="hps">in pots</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps"></span><br /> <span class="hps">Still</span> <span class="hps">pass the information</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">I got</span> <span class="hps">through</span> <span class="hps">leaflets</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">were distributed</span> <span class="hps">during training</span> <span class="hps">the day before yesterday</span> <span class="hps">KRPL</span> <span class="hps">companion</span> <span class="hps">yaa</span> <span class="hps">...</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">if</span> <span class="hps">yesterday</span> <span class="hps">already wrote</span> <span class="hps">about</span> <span class="hps">planting</span> <span class="hps">celery</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">this time</span> <span class="hps">about the</span> <span class="hps">eggplant</span> <span class="hps">cultivation</span> <span class="hps">in pots</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Who is</span> <span class="hps">not familiar with</span> <span class="hps">eggplant</span><span>?</span> <span class="hps">Hm</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">it seems</span> <span class="hps">most of us</span> <span class="hps">are familiar with</span> <span class="hps">one</span> <span class="hps">type of</span> <span class="hps">vegetable</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">yes</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">maybe</span> <span class="hps">even</span> <span class="hps">make it as a</span> <span class="hps">vegetable</span> <span class="hps">craze</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Yes</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">Eggplant</span> <span class="hps">is already</span> <span class="hps">commonly consumed</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">our society</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Besides consumed</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">vegetables</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">some are</span> <span class="hps">taking it</span> <span class="hps">as a cure</span> <span class="hps">hemorrhoids</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">even</span> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">compounds</span> <span class="hps">solasodinnya</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">eggplant</span><span>, also known as</span> <span class="hps">birth control</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">tabulapot4</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Planting</span> <span class="hps">eggplant</span> <span class="hps">should</span> <span class="hps">not</span> <span class="hps">large areas of land</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">it turns out</span> <span class="hps">it</span> <span class="hps">can</span> <span class="hps">be planted</span> <span class="hps">eggplant</span> <span class="hps">also</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">pots</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">polybag</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">so the</span> <span class="hps">yard</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">narrow</span> <span class="hps">terrace</span> <span class="hps">can also be used</span> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">planting</span> <span class="hps">eggplant</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Terms</span> <span class="hps">growing</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Can be</span> <span class="hps">grown</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the plains</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">highlands</span> <span class="hps">lace</span><br /> <span class="hps">Air temperature</span> <span class="hps">22-30</span> <span class="hps">degrees</span> <span class="hps">Celsius</span><br /> <span class="hps">The type of soil</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">most</span> <span class="hps">good</span> <span class="hps">sandy</span> <span class="hps">loam</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">fertile</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">rich in organic matter</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">good</span> <span class="hps">drainage</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">aeration</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">have</span> <span class="hps">acidity</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">pH</span> <span class="hps">between</span> <span class="hps">6.8 to 7.3</span><br /> <span class="hps">Planting medium</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">soil</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">fertilizer</span> <span class="hps">Kandan</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">sand</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">chaff</span><br /> <span class="hps">Gets</span> <span class="hps">enough sunlight</span><br /> <span class="hps">When planting</span> <span class="hps">a suitable one</span> <span class="hps">at the beginning of</span> <span class="hps">the dry season</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Nurseries</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Soak</span> <span class="hps">the seeds</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">warm water</span> <span class="hps">for 10-15</span> <span class="hps">minutes</span><span>, it is advisable</span> <span class="hps">to add a</span> <span class="hps">NASA POC</span> <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">a dose of 2</span> <span class="hps">cc</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">liter</span> <span class="hps">of water</span><br /> <span class="hps">Wrap</span> <span class="hps">the seeds in a</span> <span class="hps">damp</span> <span class="hps">cloth roll</span> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">brooded</span> <span class="hps">for about</span> <span class="hps">24 hours</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">appear</span> <span class="hps">began</span> <span class="hps">to germinate</span><br /> <span class="hps">Sebagrkan</span> <span class="hps">seed</span> <span class="hps">nurseries</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the line</span> <span class="hps">above</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">The distance</span> <span class="hps">between rows</span> <span class="hps">10-15</span> <span class="hps">cm</span><br /> <span class="hps">Cover</span> <span class="hps">the seeds</span> <span class="hps">with a</span> <span class="hps">thin layer of soil</span><br /> <span class="hps">Flush</span> <span class="hps">nursery</span> <span class="hps">2x a day</span> <span class="hps">ie morning</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">afternoon</span><br /> <span class="hps">1-1.5</span> <span class="hps">month</span><span>-old seedlings</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">leafy</span> <span class="hps">four strands</span> <span class="hps">are ready</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">be moved</span> <span class="hps">into</span> <span class="hps">a polybag</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">small</span> <span class="hps">pot</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">cultivation</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Select</span> <span class="hps">seeds that</span> <span class="hps">have flourished</span> <span class="hps">and normal</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">aged</span> <span class="hps">1-1.5</span> <span class="hps">months</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">have</span> <span class="hps">a minimum of</span> <span class="hps">4</span> <span class="hps">strands</span> <span class="hps">leaved</span><br /> <span class="hps">Unplug</span> <span class="hps">seedlings</span> <span class="hps">from</span> <span class="hps">the nursery</span> <span class="hps">carefully</span> <span class="hps">so that</span> <span class="hps">the roots</span> <span class="hps">are not damaged</span><br /> <span class="hps">Planting</span> <span class="hps">seeds</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">the planting hole</span> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">upright</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">then</span> <span class="hps">compacted</span> <span class="hps">soil around</span> <span class="hps">the planting hole</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">maintenance</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">watering</span> <span class="hps">taste</span><br /> <span class="hps">Do</span> <span class="hps">weeding</span><br /> <span class="hps">Sulam</span> <span class="hps">plants</span> <span class="hps">abnormal</span> <span class="hps">growth</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">death</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">disease</span><br /> <span class="hps">Installation of</span> <span class="hps">bamboo</span> <span class="hps">stake</span> <span class="hps">measuring</span> <span class="hps">80-100</span> <span class="hps">cm</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">2-4</span> <span class="hps">cm</span> <span class="hps">wide</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">mounted</span> <span class="hps">early</span> <span class="hps">in order not to</span> <span class="hps">disturb</span> <span class="hps">the roots</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">individually</span> <span class="hps">inserted</span> <span class="hps">near</span> <span class="hps">the stem</span><span>, strengthen</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">bond</span><br /> <span class="hps">Fertilizing</span> <span class="hps">should be done</span> <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">organic</span> <span class="hps">fertilizers</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">If</span> <span class="hps">necessary</span> <span class="hps">chemical fertilizers</span><span>, it is advisable</span> <span class="hps">done by</span> <span class="hps">dikocor</span> <span class="hps">of 3.5</span> <span class="hps">g</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">liter</span> <span class="hps">of water</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">fertilizer solution</span> <span class="hps">kocorkan</span> <span class="hps">about 250</span> <span class="hps">cc</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">plant</span><br /> <span class="hps">Prune</span> <span class="hps">wild</span> <span class="hps">shoots</span> <span class="hps">growing</span> <span class="hps">from</span> <span class="hps">the first to the</span> <span class="hps">axillary</span> <span class="hps">flowers</span> <span class="hps">first</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">so that</span> <span class="hps">new shoots</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">flowers</span> <span class="hps">grow</span> <span class="hps">more productive</span> <span class="hps">immediately</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">pest control</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">1.Kumbang</span> <span class="hps">leaves</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>Epllachnaspp</span><span>.</span><span>)</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Symptoms of</span> <span class="hps">attack</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">the presence of</span> <span class="hps">bite marks on</span> <span class="hps">the lower</span> <span class="hps">leaf</span> <span class="hps">surface</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">When</span> <span class="hps">severe</span> <span class="hps">attacks</span> <span class="hps">can destroy</span> <span class="hps">all</span> <span class="hps">the leaf</span> <span class="hps">tissue</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">bones</span> <span class="hps">live</span> <span class="hps">alone</span> <span class="hps">leaves</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Prevention</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">spray</span> <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">Pestona</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">Pentane</span> <span class="hps">+</span> <span class="hps">Aero</span> <span class="hps">810</span> <span class="hps">every</span> <span class="hps">1-2</span> <span class="hps">weeks.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Control</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">collect</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">destroy</span> <span class="hps">the beetles</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">do</span> <span class="hps">the timing of</span> <span class="hps">planting</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">2.Kutu</span> <span class="hps">leaves</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>Aphissp</span><span>)</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Attacked</span> <span class="hps">by sucking the</span> <span class="hps">cell</span> <span class="hps">fluid</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">especially</span> <span class="hps">in</span> <span class="hps">buds</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">young leaves</span><br /> <span class="hps">Symptoms</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">Abnormal</span> <span class="hps">leaf</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">wrinkles</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">curly</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">roll</span><br /> <span class="hps">Control</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">set the</span> <span class="hps">time of planting</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">crop rotation</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">as a</span> <span class="hps">preventive</span> <span class="hps">spray</span> <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">Pentane</span> <span class="hps">+</span> <span class="hps">Aero</span> <span class="hps">810</span> <span class="hps">or Natural</span> <span class="hps">BVR</span> <span class="hps">every</span> <span class="hps">1-2</span> <span class="hps">weeks</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">3.Ulat</span> <span class="hps">ground</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>AgrotisipsilonHufn</span><span>)</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Polifag</span> <span class="hps">are</span> <span class="hps">active</span> <span class="hps">at</span> <span class="hps">dusk</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">night</span><br /> <span class="hps">Attacked</span> <span class="hps">by cutting the</span> <span class="hps">growing point of</span> <span class="hps">the plant</span> <span class="hps">is still</span> <span class="hps">young</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">so the plants</span> <span class="hps">will</span> <span class="hps">droop</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">fall</span><br /> <span class="hps">Control</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">collect</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">destroy</span> <span class="hps">existing</span> <span class="hps">caterpillar</span><span>.</span><br /> <span class="hps">Prevention</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">spray</span> <span class="hps">Pestona</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">Pentane</span> <span class="hps">+</span> <span class="hps">Aero810</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">4.Ulat</span> <span class="hps">Grayak</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>Spodopterailtura</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">F</span><span>.</span><span>)</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">polifag</span><br /> <span class="hps">Attacked</span> <span class="hps">by eating</span> <span class="hps">the leaves up</span> <span class="hps">with holes</span><br /> <span class="hps">Control</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">set the time</span> <span class="hps">of planting</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">crop rotation</span><br /> <span class="hps">Prevention</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">spray</span> <span class="hps">with</span> <span class="hps">Natural</span> <span class="hps">VITURA</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">5.Ulat</span> <span class="hps">Fruit</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>HeilcoverpaarmigeralHubn</span><span>)</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">is</span> <span class="hps">polifag</span><br /> <span class="hps">Attack the</span> <span class="hps">fruit</span> <span class="hps">in a way</span> <span class="hps">biting</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">pierce</span><br /> <span class="hps">Control</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">do</span> <span class="hps">crop rotation</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">time</span> <span class="hps">of planting</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">crop and</span> <span class="hps">sanitation</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">disease control</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">1.</span> <span class="hps">Bacterial wilt</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Cause</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">Pseudomonas</span> <span class="hps">solanacearum</span><span>.</span><br /> <span class="hps">Can</span> <span class="hps">live long</span> <span class="hps">in the</span> <span class="hps">land</span><br /> <span class="hps">Paroxysm</span> <span class="hps">at a temperature</span> <span class="hps">high enough</span><br /> <span class="hps">Symptoms</span> <span class="hps">occur</span> <span class="hps">suddenly</span> <span class="hps">wilted</span> <span class="hps">whole plant</span><br /> <span class="hps">Control</span><span>: use</span> <span class="hps">of natural pesticides</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">when</span> <span class="hps">very</span> <span class="hps">severe</span> <span class="hps">attack</span> <span class="hps">may</span> <span class="hps">use</span> <span class="hps">chemical pesticides</span> <span class="hps">recommended</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">2.</span> <span class="hps">Rotten</span> <span class="hps">fruit</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Cause</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">fungus</span> <span class="hps">Phytophthorasp</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">Phomopssvexans</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">Phytiumsp</span><span>.</span><br /> <span class="hps">Symptoms</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">wetness</span> <span class="hps">brown spots</span> <span class="hps">on</span> <span class="hps">the fruit</span> <span class="hps">so the fruit</span> <span class="hps">rot</span><br /> <span class="hps">Control</span><span>: use</span> <span class="hps">of natural pesticides</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">when</span> <span class="hps">very</span> <span class="hps">severe</span> <span class="hps">attack</span> <span class="hps">can</span> <span class="hps">be used</span> <span class="hps">chemical pesticides</span> <span class="hps">are</span> <span class="hps">recommended</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">harvest</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Pick</span> <span class="hps">the first</span> <span class="hps">fruit</span> <span class="hps">after the age of</span> <span class="hps">3-4 months</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>depending on</span> <span class="hps">the type of</span> <span class="hps">planted</span><span>)</span><br /> <span class="hps">Eggplant</span> <span class="hps">can</span> <span class="hps">produce up to</span> <span class="hps">the age of 5-6</span> <span class="hps">months</span><br /> <span class="hps">Pick</span> <span class="hps">fruit along</span> <span class="hps">the stems</span> <span class="hps">by hand</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">sharp</span> <span class="hps">tools</span><br /> <span class="hps">Proper</span> <span class="hps">harvest</span> <span class="hps">time</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">morning</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">afternoon</span><br /> <span class="hps">The next</span> <span class="hps">fruit picking</span> <span class="hps">routine</span> <span class="hps">every</span> <span class="hps">3-7</span> <span class="hps">days to</span> <span class="hps">fruit</span> <span class="hps">ready to</span> <span class="hps">pick.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">How to</span> <span class="hps">...</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">want to</span> <span class="hps">try planting</span> <span class="hps">eggplant</span> <span class="hps">too</span><span>?</span> <span class="hps">:)</span></span></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-91264045740801938692014-11-27T18:57:00.001-08:002014-11-27T18:57:12.791-08:00BERTANAM TERONG DALAM POT/POLYBAG<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h1 class="entry-title">
Bertanam Terong dalam pot</h1>
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<a href="http://mechtadeera.wordpress.com/2014/02/19/bertanam-terong-dalam-pot/" rel="bookmark" title="06.00"><time class="entry-date" datetime="2014-02-19T06:00:14+00:00" pubdate=""><br /></time></a><span class="comments-link"><a href="http://mechtadeera.wordpress.com/2014/02/19/bertanam-terong-dalam-pot/#comments" title="Komentar pada Bertanam Terong dalam pot"></a></span>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
Masih meneruskan informasi yg
kudapat melalui leaflet yg dibagikan saat pelatihan pendamping KRPL
kemarin dulu yaa…. kalau kemarin sudah menulis tentang bertanam <span style="color: green;"><a href="http://mechta.blogdetik.com/2014/02/15/yuuk-bertanam-seledri/" target="_blank" title="Yuuk bertanam seledri"><span style="color: green;"><strong>seledri</strong></span></a></span>, kali ini tentang <b>Budidaya Terong dalam pot.</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Siapa yang belum mengenal Terong? Hm,
tampaknya sebagian besar dari kita sudah mengenal salah satu jenis
sayuran ini ya, atau bahkan mungkin menjadikannya sebagai sayuran
kegemaran. Ya, Terong memang sudah umum dikonsumsi di masyarakat kita.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Selain dikonsumsi sebagai sayur, ada pula
yang mengkonsumsinya sebagai obat wasir, bahkan karena kandungan
senyawa solasodinnya, terong dikenal juga sebagai pencegah kehamilan.</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<a href="http://mechtadeera.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/tabulapot4.jpg"><img alt="tabulapot4" class="aligncenter wp-image-2105" height="432" src="http://mechtadeera.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/tabulapot4.jpg?w=323&h=432" width="323" /></a><span id="more-2101"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Bertanam terong tak harus pada lahan yang
luas, karena ternyata terong ini dapat ditanam juga dalam pot /
polybag, sehingga pekarangan / teras sempit pun dapat digunakan untuk
bertanam terong.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>Syarat tumbuh</strong></div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Dapat tumbuh di dataran renda maupun dataran tinggi</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Suhu udara 22 – 30 derajat celcius</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Jenis tanah yg paling baik lempung
berpasir, subur, kaya bahan organik, aerasi dan drainase baik dan
mempunyai keasaman / pH antara 6,8 – 7,3</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Media tanam : tanah, pupuk kandan dan pasir / sekam</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Mendapat sinar matahari yang cukup</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Waktu tanam yg cocok pada awal musim kemarau</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>Pembibitan</strong></div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Rendam benih dalam air hangat kuku selama 10-15 menit, disarankan tambah dengan POC NASA dengan dosis 2 cc / liter air</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Bungkus benih dalam gulungan kain basah untuk diperam selama sekitar 24 jam hingga nampak mulai berkecambah</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Sebagrkan benih diatas tempat persemaian menurut barisan. Jarak antar barisan 10-15 cm</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Tutup benih dengan lapisan tanah tipis</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Siram persemaian 2x sehari yaitu pada pagi & sore hari</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Bibit berumur 1-1,5 bulan atau berdaun empat helai siap untuk dipindahkan ke polibag / pot kecil</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>Penanaman</strong></div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Pilih bibit yang telah tumbuh subur dan normal, berumur 1-1,5 bulan atau telah berdaun minimal 4 helai</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Cabut bibit dari persemaian secara hati-hati agar akar tidak rusak</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Tanam bibit di lubang tanam secara tegak, lalu tanah disekitar lubang tanam dipadatkan</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>Pemeliharaan</strong></div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Penyiraman secukupnya</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Lakukan penyiangan gulma</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Sulam tanaman yang pertumbuhannya tidak normal / mati / terserang penyakit</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Pemasangan turus bambu berukuran 80-100
cm dan lebar 2-4 cm, dipasang lebih awal agar tidak mengganggu
perakaran, ditancapkan secara individu dekat batang, kuatkan dengan
ikatan</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Pemupukan sebaiknya dilakukan dengan
pupuk organik. Jika diperlukan pupuk kimia, disarankan dilakukan dengan
cara dikocor sebanyak 3,5 gr / liter air, kocorkan larutan pupuk sekitar
250 cc / tanaman</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Lakukan pemangkasan tunas-tunas liar
yang tumbuh mulai dari ketiak daun pertama hingga bunga pertama, agar
tunas-tunas baru dan bunga yang lebih produktif segera tumbuh</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>Pengendalian hama</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong></strong><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><em>1.Kumbang daun (Epllachnaspp.)</em></span></div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Gejala serangan : adanya bekas gigitan
pada permukaan daun sebelah bawah. Bila serangan berat dapat merusak
semua jaringan daun & tinggal tulang-tulang daun saja.</li>
</ul>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="text-align: justify;">Pencegahan</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> : semprot dengan Pestona atau Pentana + Aero 810 setiap 1-2 minggu sekali.</span></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: justify;">Pengendalian</span><span style="text-align: justify;"> : kumpulkan & musnahkan kumbang & lakukan pengaturan waktu tanam.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><span style="text-align: justify;">2.</span><em style="text-align: justify;">Kutu daun (Aphissp)</em></span><br />
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Menyerang dengan cara mengisap cairan sel, terutama pada pucuk atau daun-daun muda</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Gejala : daun tidak normal, keriput / keriting / menggulung</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Pengendalian : mengatur waktu tanam dan
pergiliran tanaman, sebagai pencegahan semprot dengan Pentana + Aero 810
atau Natural BVR setiap 1-2 minggu sekali</li>
</ul>
<em style="text-align: justify;"></em><em>3.Ulat tanah (AgrotisipsilonHufn)</em><br />
<ul>
<li>Bersifat polifag, aktif pada senja / malam hari</li>
<li>Menyerang dengan cara memotong titik tumbuh tanaman yang masih muda, sehingga tanaman akan terkulai & roboh</li>
<li>Pengendalian : kumpulkan & musnahkan ulat yg ada.</li>
<li>Pencegahan : semprotkan Pestona atau Pentana + Aero810</li>
</ul>
<em></em><em>4.Ulat Grayak (Spodopterailtura,F.)</em><br />
<ul>
<li>Bersifat polifag</li>
<li>Menyerang dengan cara memakan daun hingga berlubang-lubang</li>
<li>Pengendalian : atur waktu tanam & pergiliran tanaman</li>
<li>Pencegahan : semprot dengan Natural Vitura</li>
</ul>
5.<em>Ulat Buah (HeilcoverpaarmigeralHubn)</em><br />
<ul>
<li>Bersifat polifag</li>
<li>Menyerang buah dengan cara menggigit / melubangi</li>
<li>Pengendalian : lakukan pergiliran tanaman, waktu tanam & sanitasi tempat tanam</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>Pengendalian penyakit</strong></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<em>1. Layu bakteri</em></div>
<ul>
<li>Penyebab : bakteri <em>Pseudomonas solanacearum.</em></li>
<li>Bisa hidup lama dalam tanah</li>
<li>Serangan hebat pada suhu cukup tinggi</li>
<li>Gejala : terjadi kelayuan seluruh tanaman secara mendadak</li>
<li>Pengendalian : gunakan pestisida alami atau bila serangan sangat berat dapat gunakan pestisida kimia yang dianjurkan</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
2. <em>Busuk buah</em></div>
<ul>
<li>Penyebab : jamur <em>Phytophthorasp, Phomopssvexans, Phytiumsp.</em></li>
<li>Gejala : bercak-bercak coklat kebasahan pada buah sehingga buah membusuk</li>
<li>Pengendalian : gunakan pestisida alami atau bila serangan sangat berat dapat digunakan pestisida kimia yang dianjurkan</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong>Panen</strong></div>
<ul>
<li>Petik buah pertama setelah berumur 3-4 bulan (tergantung jenis yg ditanam)</li>
<li>Terong dapat berproduksi hingga umur 5-6 bulan</li>
<li>Petik buah bersama tangkainya dengan tangan atau alat tajam</li>
<li>Waktu panen yg tepat pagi / sore hari</li>
<li>Pemetikan buah selanjutnya rutin tiap 3-7 hari sekali untuk buah yang siap petik.</li>
</ul>
Bagaimana…, mau mencoba menanam <a href="http://mechtadeera.wordpress.com/2014/02/19/bertanam-terong-dalam-pot/"><span style="color: purple;"><strong>terong</strong></span></a> juga? <span class="wp-smiley wp-emoji wp-emoji-smile" title=":)">:)</span></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-77543092102499112272014-11-27T04:43:00.000-08:002014-11-27T04:43:05.363-08:00MUSTARD RAISING IN POT / POLYBAG<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
Mustard RAISING IN POT / POLYBAG<br />
How to manage a variety of businesses ranging from simple to really have besar.tak invaluable asset investment for the future. For that you can read some tricks effort titled How green cabbage cultivation in poly Easy and Practical save this place is complete with the following trick:<br />
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How to green mustard cultivation in poly Easy Save Points and Practical<br />
Here mustard conventional cultivation techniques in land:<br />
<br />
A. SEED.<br />
<br />
Seed is one of the critical success factors of farming. Good seeds will produce plants that grow nice. Mustard seed requirement for every hectare of arable land of 750 grams.<br />
Mustard seed is round, small. Shiny smooth surface and a bit harsh. Blackish brown seed coat color. Seed that will be used must have a good quality, if we have to consider buying a long storage, varieties, water content, temperature and keep it. It also should pay attention to the packaging must be intact seeds. Good packaging is with aluminum foil.<br />
If we use the seeds from the pananaman we must pay attention to the quality of the seed, for example, plants that will be taken as the seed must be older than 70 days. And planting mustard seed that will be separate from other mustard plants. Also pay attention to the process that will be mesilnya with dianginkan, storage and expected duration of use of seeds no more than 3 years.<br />
<br />
B. PROCESSING OF LAND.<br />
<br />
Tillage generally do crumble and a raised bed. Stages pengemburan ie cultivation to improve soil structure and circulation of air and the provision of basic fertilizer to improve soil physical and chemical soil fertility would add that we will use.<br />
Land to be digemburkan to be cleared of rocks, grass, shrubs or trees growing. And free of the shaded area, because of mustard like in direct sunlight.<br />
While the depth of the soil dug as deep as 20 to 40 cm. Excellent organic fertilizer for soil preparation. As an example of good manure that is 10 tonnes / ha. Manure is given when the crumble so fast and evenly mixed with the soil that will be used.<br />
If the area has a too low pH (acidic) should be performed calcification. Liming aims to raise the degree of soil keasam, liming is done long before planting the seed, which is approximately 2 to 4 weeks earlier. So a good time to do tilling the soil is 2-4 weeks before the land was about to be planted. Type of lime used is lime calcite (CaCO3) or dolomite (CaMg (CO3) 2).<br />
<br />
C. BREEDING.<br />
<br />
Seeding can be done simultaneously with the processing of the soil for planting. Because it is more efficient and more seeds will quickly adapt to its environment. Medium size nursery that is the width of 80-120 cm and a length of 1-3 meters. Rainfall is more than 200 mm / month, high beds 20-30 cm.<br />
Two weeks before sowing, nursery sprinkled with manure and urea plus 20 grams, 10 grams of TSP, and 7.5 grams of Kcl.Cara do seeding is as follows: the seeds are sown, and then covered with soil about 1-2 cm, then doused with a sprayer, then observed 3-5 days the seeds will grow after the age of 3-4 weeks since seeded plants moved to the bed.<br />
<br />
D. PLANTING.<br />
<br />
Beds with a width of 120 cm and length according to the size of the plot. High beds 20-30 cm with the distance between beds of 30 cm, a week before planting fertilizing manure in advance ie 10 tonnes / ha, TSP 100 kg / ha, Kcl 75 kg / ha. Currently in a raised bed planting distance of 40 x 40 cm, 30 x 30 and 20 x 20 cm.<br />
Pick a good seed, remove the seeds carefully, then make a hole with the size of 4-8 x 6-10 cm.<br />
<br />
E. MAINTENANCE.<br />
<br />
Maintenance is important. So will greatly affect the results to be obtained.<br />
The first thing to note is watering, watering depends on the season, when the rainy season is considered excessive then we need to do a reduction in the water, but on the contrary when the dry season comes we have to add water for the adequacy of mustard plants we planted. If not too panaspenyiraman done just once a day afternoon or early morning.<br />
The next stage is thinning, thinning performed 2 weeks after planting. How to pull plants that grow too tightly.<br />
The next step taken is stitching, embroidery is the act of replacing it with a new crop plants. It is very easy that dead plant pests and diseases or replaced with new plants.<br />
Weeding is usually done 2-4 times during the planting mustard, adjusted to the presence of weeds in planting beds. Usually weeding done 1 or 2 weeks after planting. If need be done in conjunction with the tilling and weeding pengguludan.<br />
Additional fertilization was given after 3 weeks of planting, ie with urea 50 kg / ha. Can also with one teaspoon of about 25 grams dissolved in 25 liters of water can be sprayed to 5 m beds.<br />
<br />
PLANTING vertikultur<br />
<br />
Step - angkah vertikultur planting is as follows:<br />
<br />
1. The seeds sown in a nursery box denagn sand media. Seed treated until ready ditanaman at the age of 14 days from seed sown.<br />
2. Provide a planting medium soil top soil, manure, sand and compost in the ratio 2: 1: 1: 1 were mixed thoroughly.<br />
3. Enter the planting medium mixture into polybags measuring 20 x 30 cm.<br />
4. Move the plant seeds are ready to plant into polybags available. Plants were transferred normally have leaved 3-5 strands.<br />
5. polybags are already planted arranged on shelves available on the Lath House.<br />
<br />
PLANTING hydroponics.<br />
<br />
Steps hydroponic cultivation is as follows:<br />
<br />
1. Prepare the nursery container. Insert the media in the form of fine sand sterilized thick 3-4 cm. Sprinkle the seeds of mustard on it further up back with 0.5 cm thick sand layer.<br />
2. Once the seedlings grow and leafy 3-5 strands (age 3-4 minggu0, seeds removed carefully, then the roots are washed with water until clean, the roots are too long can be cut.<br />
3. planting tubs filled the bottom with thick sterile gravel 7-10 cm, then on top added a layer of coarse sand which also has a sterile 20 cm thick.<br />
4. Make the planting hole with a distance of about 25 x 25 cm, enter the seed into the hole, cover the roots of seedlings with the media to pass through the root collar, try to position the seed perpendicular to the media.<br />
5. Give the hydroponic solution through watering, can also be done with the administration of irigation drip system or other systems, new plants to grow further maintained.<br />
<br />
PEST AND DISEASE<br />
<br />
A. PEST.<br />
<br />
1. Caterpillars growing point (Crocidolomia binotalis Zell.).<br />
2. tritip caterpillar (Plutella maculipennis).<br />
3. Snails (Agriolimas sp.).<br />
4. Caterpillars Thepa javanica.<br />
5. bristle worms (cut worms).<br />
<br />
B. DISEASE.<br />
<br />
1. pekuk root disease.<br />
2. Alternaria leaf spot.<br />
3. Wet Rot (soft root).<br />
4. disease powdery mildew (downy mildew).<br />
5. Disease fall seedlings (dumping off).<br />
6. Late blight.<br />
7. rot Rhizoctonia (bottom root).<br />
8. Leaf spots.<br />
9. mosaic virus.<br />
<br />
<br />
HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST HANDLING.<br />
<br />
In the case considered crucial harvesting harvesting and how to harvest. Harvesting mustard longest 70 days. The shortest lifespan of 40 days. First look at the physical plant such as color, shape and size of leaves. How to harvest there are two kinds of uprooting the whole plant and its roots and by cutting the base of the stem above the ground with a sharp knife.<br />
<br />
<br />
Post-harvest mustard to note are:<br />
<br />
1. Wash and sewerage.<br />
2. Sorting.<br />
3. Packaging.<br />
4. penympanan.<br />
5. Processing.</div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-89457432598672211792014-11-27T04:41:00.000-08:002014-11-27T04:41:09.672-08:00BUDIDAYA SAWI DALAM POT/POLYBAG<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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BUDIDAYA SAWI DALAM POT/POLYBAG<br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Cara mengelola berbagai bisnis mulai yang sederhana sampai benar-benar memiliki aset investasi besar.tak ternilai harganya untuk dimasa yang akan datang. Untuk itu anda bisa membaca beberapa trik usaha yang berjudul Cara budidaya sawi hijau di Polybag Mudah Hemat Tempat dan Praktis ini secara lengkap beserta triknya dibawah ini :</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Cara budidaya sawi hijau di Polybag Mudah Hemat Tempat dan Praktis</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Berikut <span class="h7306c" id="h7306c_7" style="border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-style: none none solid !important; color: rgb(213, 0, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; float: none; height: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">ini</span> teknik budidaya sawi secara konvensional di lahan :</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">A. BENIH.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Benih merupakan salah satu <span class="h7306c" id="h7306c_8" style="border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-style: none none solid !important; color: rgb(213, 0, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; float: none; height: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">faktor</span> penentu keberhasilan usaha tani. Benih yang baik akan menghasilkan tanaman yang tumbuh dengan bagus. Kebutuhan benih sawi untuk setiap hektar lahan tanam sebesar 750 gram.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Benih sawi berbentuk bulat, kecil-kecil. Permukaannya licin mengkilap dan agak keras. Warna kulit benih coklat kehitaman. Benih yang akan kita gunakan harus mempunyai kualitas yang baik, seandainya beli harus kita perhatikan <span class="h7306c" id="h7306c_6" style="border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-style: none none solid !important; color: rgb(213, 0, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; float: none; height: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">lama</span> penyimpanan, varietas, kadar <span class="h7306c" id="h7306c_4" style="border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-style: none none solid !important; color: rgb(213, 0, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; float: none; height: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">air</span>, suhu dan tempat menyimpannya. Selain itu juga harus memperhatikan kemasan benih harus utuh. kemasan yang baik adalah dengan alumunium foil.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Apabila benih yang kita gunakan dari hasil pananaman kita harus memperhatikan kualitas benih itu, misalnya tanaman yang akan diambil sebagai benih harus berumur lebih dari 70 hari. Dan penanaman sawi yang akan dijadikan benih terpisah dari tanaman sawi yang lain. Juga memperhatikan proses yang akan dilakukan mesilnya dengan dianginkan, tempat penyimpanan dan diharapkan lama penggunaan benih tidak lebih dari 3 tahun.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">B. PENGOLAHAN TANAH.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Pengolahan tanah secara umum melakukan penggemburan dan pembuatan bedengan. Tahap-tahap pengemburan yaitu pencangkulan untuk memperbaiki struktur tanah dan sirkulasi udara dan pemberian pupuk dasar untuk memperbaiki fisik serta kimia tanah yang akan menambah kesuburan lahan yang akan kita gunakan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Tanah yang hendak digemburkan harus dibersihkan dari bebatuan, rerumputan, semak atau pepohonan yang tumbuh. Dan bebas dari daerah ternaungi, karena tanaman sawi suka pada cahaya matahari secara langsung.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Sedangkan kedalaman tanah yang dicangkul sedalam 20 sampai 40 cm. Pemberian pupuk organik sangat baik untuk penyiapan tanah. Sebagai contoh pemberian pupuk kandang yang baik yaitu 10 ton/ha. Pupuk kandang diberikan saat penggemburan agar cepat merata dan bercampur dengan tanah yang akan kita gunakan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Bila daerah yang mempunyai pH terlalu rendah (asam) sebaiknya dilakukan pengapuran. Pengapuran ini bertujuan untuk menaikkan derajad keasam tanah, pengapuran ini dilakukan jauh-jauh sebelum penanaman benih, yaitu kira-kira 2 sampai 4 minggu sebelumnya. Sehingga waktu yang baik dalam melakukan penggemburan tanah yaitu 2 – 4 minggu sebelum lahan hendak ditanam. Jenis kapur yang digunakan adalah kapur kalsit (CaCO3) atau dolomit (CaMg(CO3)2).</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">C. PEMBIBITAN.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Pembibitan dapat dilakukan bersamaan dengan pengolahan tanah untuk penanaman. Karena lebih efisien dan benih akan lebih cepat beradaptasi terhadap lingkungannya. Sedang ukuran bedengan pembibitan yaitu lebar 80 – 120 cm dan panjangnya 1 – 3 meter. Curah hujan lebih dari 200 mm/bulan, <span class="h7306c" id="h7306c_9" style="border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-style: none none solid !important; color: rgb(213, 0, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; float: none; height: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">tinggi</span> bedengan 20 – 30 cm.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Dua minggu sebelum di tabur benih, bedengan pembibitan ditaburi dengan pupuk kandang lalu di tambah 20 gram urea, 10 gram TSP, dan 7,5 gram Kcl.Cara melakukan pembibitan ialah sebagai berikut : benih ditabur, lalu ditutupi tanah setebal 1 – 2 cm, lalu disiram dengan <span class="h7306c" id="h7306c_5" style="border-bottom-width: 1px !important; border-style: none none solid !important; color: rgb(213, 0, 0) !important; cursor: pointer; display: inline !important; float: none; height: 14px; list-style: none; margin: 0px !important; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration: underline !important;">sprayer</span>, kemudian diamati 3 – 5 hari benih akan tumbuh setelah berumur 3 – 4 minggu sejak disemaikan tanaman dipindahkan ke bedengan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">D. PENANAMAN.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Bedengan dengan ukuran lebar 120 cm dan panjang sesuai dengan ukuran petak tanah. Tinggi bedeng 20 – 30 cm dengan jarak antar bedeng 30 cm, seminggu sebelum penanaman dilakukan pemupukan terlebih dahulu yaitu pupuk kandang 10 ton/ha, TSP 100 kg/ha, Kcl 75 kg/ha. Sedang jarak tanam dalam bedengan 40 x 40 cm , 30 x 30 dan 20 x 20 cm.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Pilihlah bibit yang baik, pindahkan bibit dengan hati-hati, lalu membuat lubang dengan ukuran 4 – 8 x 6 – 10 cm.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">E. PEMELIHARAAN.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Pemeliharaan adalah hal yang penting. Sehingga akan sangat berpengaruh terhadap hasil yang akan didapat.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Pertama-tama yang perlu diperhatikan adalah penyiraman, penyiraman ini tergantung pada musim, bila musim penghujan dirasa berlebih maka kita perlu melakukan pengurangan air yang ada, tetapi sebaliknya bila musim kemarau tiba kita harus menambah air demi kecukupan tanaman sawi yang kita tanam. Bila tidak terlalu panaspenyiraman dilakukan sehari cukup sekali sore atau pagi hari.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Tahap selanjutnya yaitu penjarangan, penjarangan dilakukan 2 minggu setelah penanaman. Caranya dengan mencabut tanaman yang tumbuh terlalu rapat.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Selanjutnya tahap yang dilakukan adalah penyulaman, penyulaman ialah tindakan penggantian tanaman ini dengan tanaman baru. Caranya sangat mudah yaitu tanaman yang mati atau terserang hama dan penyakit diganti dengan tanaman yang baru.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Penyiangan biasanya dilakukan 2 – 4 kali selama masa pertanaman sawi, disesuaikan dengan kondisi keberadaan gulma pada bedeng penanaman. Biasanya penyiangan dilakukan 1 atau 2 minggu setelah penanaman. Apabila perlu dilakukan penggemburan dan pengguludan bersamaan dengan penyiangan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Pemupukan tambahan diberikan setelah 3 minggu tanam, yaitu dengan urea 50 kg/ha. Dapat juga dengan satu sendok the sekitar 25 gram dilarutkan dalam 25 liter air dapat disiramkan untuk 5 m bedengan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">PENANAMAN VERTIKULTUR</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Langkah – angkah penanaman secara vertikultur adalah sebagai berikut :</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">1. Benih disemaikan pada kotak persemaian denagn media pasir. Bibit dirawat hingga siap ditanaman pada umur 14 hari sejak benih disemaikan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">2. Sediakan media tanam berupa tanah top soil, pupuk kandang, pasir dan kompos dengan perbandingan 2:1:1:1 yang dicampur secara merata.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">3. Masukkan campuran media tanam tersebut ke dalam polibag yang berukuran 20 x 30 cm.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">4. Pindahkan bibit tanaman yang sudah siap tanam ke dalam polibag yang tersedia. Tanaman yang dipindahkan biasanya telah berdaun 3 – 5 helai.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">5. Polibag yang sudah ditanami disusun pada rak-rak yang tersedia pada Lath House.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">PENANAMAN HIDROPONIK.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Langkah-langkah penanaman secara hidroponik adalah sebagai berikut :</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">1. Siapkan wadah persemaian . Masukkan media berupa pasir halus yang disterilkan setebal 3 – 4 cm. Taburkan benih sawi di atasnya selanjutnya tutupi kembali dengan lapisan pasir setebal 0,5 cm.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">2. Setelah bibit tumbuh dan berdaun 3 – 5 helai (umur 3 – 4 minggu0, bibit dicabut dengan hati-hati, selanjutnya bagian akarnya dicuci dengan air hingga bersih, akar yang terlalu panjang dapat digunting.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">3. Bak penanaman diisi bagian bawahnya dengan kerikil steril setebal 7 – 10 cm, selanjutnya di sebelah atas ditambahkan lapisan pasir kasar yang juga sudah steril setebal 20 cm.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">4. Buat lubang penanaman dengan jarak sekitar 25 x 25 cm, masukkan bibit ke lubang tersebut, tutupi bagian akar bibit dengan media hingga melewati leher akar, usahakan posisi bibit tegak lurus dengan media.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">5. Berikan larutan hidroponik lewat penyiraman, dapat pula pemberian dilakukan dengan sistem drip irigation atau sistem lainnya, tanaman baru selanjutnya dipelihara hingga tumbuh besar.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">HAMA DAN PENYAKIT</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">A. HAMA.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">1. Ulat titik tumbuh (Crocidolomia binotalis Zell.).</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">2. Ulat tritip (Plutella maculipennis).</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">3. Siput (Agriolimas sp.).</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">4. Ulat Thepa javanica.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">5. Cacing bulu (cut worm).</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">B. PENYAKIT.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">1. Penyakit akar pekuk.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">2. Bercak daun alternaria.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">3. Busuk basah (soft root).</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">4. Penyakit embun tepung (downy mildew).</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">5. Penyakit rebah semai (dumping off).</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">6. Busuk daun.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">7. busuk Rhizoctonia (bottom root).</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">8. Bercak daun.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">9. Virus mosaik.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><br />
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">PANEN DAN PENANGANAN PASCA PANEN.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Dalam hal pemanenan penting sekali diperhatikan umur panen dan cara panennya. Umur panen sawi paling lama 70 hari. Paling pendek umur 40 hari. Terlebih dahulu melihat fisik tanaman seperti warna, bentuk dan ukuran daun. Cara panen ada 2 macam yaitu mencabut seluruh tanaman beserta akarnya dan dengan memotong bagian pangkal batang yang berada di atas tanah dengan pisau tajam.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">Pasca panen sawi yang perlu diperhatikan adalah :</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">1. Pencucian dan pembuangan kotoran.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">2. Sortasi.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">3. Pengemasan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">4. Penympanan.</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18.200000762939453px;">5. Pengolahan.</span></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-52260359794925775502014-11-27T04:31:00.001-08:002014-11-27T04:31:25.465-08:00Tomato Cultivation In Pot Yard House<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Tomato Cultivation In Pot Yard House<br />
Tomatoes are classified as vegetables, although having the structure fruit. This plant can grow well in lowland and high ranging from 0-1500 meters above sea level, depending on the variety. Tomato plants require soil that is fertile and loose, with a pH of about 5.5 to 7.<br />
In the wild tomato shaped like a clump of trees, their height can reach a height of 3 meters. But after a cultivated plant height is not more than 2 meters and are usually supported by stakes or rope to hold against buckling.<br />
Tomato plants can grow well in a variety of media such as open land, hydroponics, and media vertikultur garden pots or polybags. On this occasion we will elaborate on how to grow tomatoes in a polybag. If you want to know the large-scale cultivation of tomatoes in open field tomato cultivation read a general guide.<br />
The selection of plants<br />
In general, people distinguish tomatoes of fruit shape. There are four classes of tomatoes that many in the market namely, (1) Tomato fruit or granola tomatoes, rounded shape with a flat base (2) Tomato gondol, oval shape is used as a raw material sauce, (3) Tomato vegetable, it feels a little hard teskturnya wry, (4) cherry tomatoes, a small sweet sour.<br />
How to grow tomatoes in a polybag not difficult. The first step select the type of tomato and varieties will be planted. Adjust the location where the cultivation of tomato varieties will be selected, especially for climatic conditions and altitude.<br />
For maximum results, use improved seed from a trusted source. Tomato seeds of various varieties can be found in farm shops. Information about the properties of plants can be found on a label on the seed package.<br />
Seeding tomatoes<br />
How to grow tomatoes in a polybag nursery should go through the stage first. Seed must be sown in seed into plant seeds. This step is necessary because the seed which grows require different treatments with plants that have grown large.<br />
Prepare the seedbed terlabih place and the media first. Select a seedbed that is protected from rain and direct sunlight. Media seedbed can vary, please read how to create a seedbed for hortikuktura media.<br />
The shape can be a seedbed nursery, nursery shelves, or polybag seedlings.<br />
For the nursery beds, create an array above the beds to a depth of 1 cm and 5 cm spacing between lines. Then planting tomato seeds in each array with a distance of 3 cm, closed surface and flush taste.<br />
For nursery use ploybag, polybag with media contents nursery. If no one can use the polybag nursery bags of leaves (bekong). Then immerse tomato seeds 1 cm deep into the medium. Then cover the surface and flush taste. Each polybag quite filled one seed.<br />
Once the seeds are planted, do the watering every 2 times a day with a soft hype. Be careful when watering, not to damage the surface of the nursery.<br />
Additional fertilization can be given after two weeks with an organic liquid fertilizer, compost or NPK. Another treatment that should be done is weeding. Do not let weeds grow in the nursery area. Seedlings of tomato plants ready to be moved from a nursery into a polybag after 30 days or already have at least 5 leaves.<br />
Transplanting tomatoes<br />
Before the seedlings are transferred, prepare the planting medium and polybag. Fill in the poly bag with soil, rice husk, and compost in the ratio 2: 1: 1. For more details see how to create a planting medium for a polybag.<br />
There are two ways to grow tomatoes from a nursery into a polybag. First, remove the seeds with revoked. The trick, flush with water so that seedbed planting media become soft. Then remove the plants with care not to drop out or damaged plant roots. Then enter the plant is perpendicular to the planting hole is in the polybag. Roots should be upright position not to bent or folded. Adjust the depth of the planting hole according to the length of the roots.<br />
Second, move the seedlings to be played. The trick tomato plants raised by the media that is around. For seeds of beds, pry plant 10 cm deep with a shovel or hand. Then lift and move along with the soil.<br />
For seedlings in polybag nursery, tear or pull the plastic polybag nursery then moved along the ground into a bigger polybag. Polybag seedlings of plastic can be used repeatedly.<br />
Maintenance and care<br />
Maintenance of tomato plants in a poly bag or pot is relatively easy. Plant health is more controlled as to avoid the spread of disease through the roots. Keep the planting medium is not too dry. Flush at least 2 times a day, but do not be too wet to avoid root rot.<br />
Siangi weeds contained in polybags regularly. If there are plants that wilt or die, unplug immediately and dispose of media cropping so as not to infect other plants. Another treatment that is required is pruning shoots and giving a stake as the support of the plant.<br />
Fertilizer plant after one week with compost as a handheld for each polybag. Perform the addition of compost every month, or if the plant looks less fertile. When the plants will bear fruit or fruit can be added fertilizer liquid organic fertilizer.<br />
Pests and tomato plants peyakit quite a lot. When seen no pests, pest take manually. Discard damaged leaves or stems are exposed to pests. Spraying should be done when absolutely necessary. To be safe for health and the environment using a more natural organic pesticide. Please read how to make organic pesticides.<br />
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harvesting<br />
Tomato plants can be harvested in a poly bag after 3 months, depending on the variety. Criteria tomatoes ready for harvest is that changes color from green to yellow-brass or leaf edges look dry and yellow stem. Picking is done on mature fruit alone.<br />
Tomato fruit is not ripe simultaneously. Do plucking every 2-3 days, do not be too tight to avoid crop damage. Picking the best time in the morning and afternoon, when the sun is not too hot. Similarly, a brief description of the quiet way to grow tomatoes in a polybag.</div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-57728221033822986502014-11-27T04:24:00.001-08:002014-11-27T04:24:33.562-08:00BUDIDAYA TOMAT DALAM POT DI PEKARANGAN RUMAH<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkMpD6N58g91vANLas6t_glRFWFXJG_HNN3Ij7zUygZs8T68d6pxq6qxb2OK2Bbm5q2go2yhdW7QAVk04UCZUBRHTTywGZvk70M9oizZk0ppywUnyM1pPYb6D1vzbi3EKTV54zHH0cPgXv/s1600/tomat.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkMpD6N58g91vANLas6t_glRFWFXJG_HNN3Ij7zUygZs8T68d6pxq6qxb2OK2Bbm5q2go2yhdW7QAVk04UCZUBRHTTywGZvk70M9oizZk0ppywUnyM1pPYb6D1vzbi3EKTV54zHH0cPgXv/s1600/tomat.jpg" /></a></div>
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Budidaya Tomat Dalam Pot di Pekarangan Rumah</div>
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Tomat dikategorikan sebagai sayuran, meskipun mempunyai struktur buah. Tanaman ini bisa tumbuh baik didataran rendah maupun tinggi mulai dari 0-1500 meter dpl, tergantung dari varietasnya. Tanaman tomat menghendaki tanah yang subur dan gembur, dengan pH sekitar 5,5-7.</div>
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Di alam bebas pohon tomat berbentuk seperti perdu, ketinggiannya bisa mencapai tinggi 3 meter. Namun setelah dibudidayakan tinggi tanaman ini tak lebih dari 2 meter dan biasanya ditopang oleh ajir atau tali untuk menahan agar tidak roboh.</div>
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Tanaman tomat bisa tumbuh baik di berbagai media seperti lahan terbuka, hidroponik, taman vertikultur dan media pot atau polybag. Pada kesempatan kali ini kami akan menguraikan tentang cara menanam tomat dalam polybag. Bila ingin mengetahui bercocok tanam tomat skala besar di lahan terbuka baca <a href="http://alamtani.com/budidaya-tomat.html" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Panduan budidaya tomat">panduan umum budidaya tomat</a>.</div>
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Pemilihan jenis tanaman</h2>
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Secara umum, orang membedakan tomat dari bentuk buahnya. Terdapat empat golongan tomat yang banyak beredar di pasaran yakni, (1) Tomat buah atau tomat granola, bentuknya bulat dengan pangkal mendatar (2) Tomat gondol, bentuknya lonjong biasa digunakan sebagai bahan baku saus, (3) Tomat sayur, teskturnya keras rasanya sedikit kecut, (4) Tomat cherry, bentuknya kecil rasanya manis kecut.</div>
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Cara menanam tomat dalam polybag tidaklah sulit. Langkah pertama pilih jenis tomat dan varietas yang akan ditanam. Sesuaikan lokasi tempat budidaya dengan varietas tomat yang akan dipilih, terutama untuk kondisi iklim dan ketinggian tempat.</div>
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Untuk hasil yang maksimal, gunakan benih unggul dari sumber yang terpercaya. Benih tomat dari berbagai varietas bisa didapatkan di toko-toko pertanian. Keterangan mengenai sifat-sifat tanaman bisa dibaca pada label yang tertera dalam kemasan benih.</div>
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Penyemaian benih tomat</h2>
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Cara menanam tomat dalam polybag sebaiknya melalui tahap persemaian terlebih dahulu. Benih yang berupa biji harus disemaikan menjadi bibit tanaman. Langkah ini diperlukan karena benih yang baru tumbuh memerlukan perlakuan yang berbeda dengan tanaman yang telah tumbuh besar.</div>
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Siapkan tempat dan media persemaian terlabih dahulu. Pilih tempat persemaian yang terlindung dari hujan dan sinar matahari secara langsung. Media persemaian bisa bermacam-macam, silahkan baca cara membuat <a href="http://alamtani.com/media-persemaian-hortikultura.html" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Membuat media persemaian untuk tanaman hortikultura">media persemaian</a> untuk hortikuktura.</div>
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Bentuk persemaian bisa berupa bedengan, rak semai, atau polybag semai.</div>
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Untuk persemaian dengan bedengan, buat larikan diatas bedengan dengan kedalaman 1 cm dan jarak antar larik 5 cm. Kemudian tanam benih tomat pada tiap larik dengan jarak 3 cm, tutup permukaannya dan siram secukupnya.</div>
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Untuk persemaian yang menggunakan ploybag, isi polybag dengan media persemaian. Bila tidak ada polybag bisa menggunakan kantung semai dari daun-daunan (<a href="http://petanimalas.co/cara-membuat-bekong-wadah-semai-ramah-lingkungan/" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank" title="Bekong">bekong</a>). Kemudian benamkan benih tomat sedalam 1 cm kedalam media tersebut. Lalu tutup permukaannya dan siram secukupnya. Setiap polybag cukup diisi satu benih.</div>
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Setelah benih disemaikan, lakukan penyiraman setiap 2 kali sehari dengan gembor yang halus. Berhati-hatilah ketika menyiram, jangan sampai merusak permukaan persemaian.</div>
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Pemupukan tambahan bisa diberikan setelah dua minggu dengan pupuk cair organik, pupuk kompos atau NPK. Perawatan lain yang harus dilakukan adalah penyiangan. Jangan sampai tumbuh gulma dalam area persemaian. Bibit tanaman tomat siap dipindahkan dari tempat persemaian ke dalam polybag setelah 30 hari atau sudah memiliki setidaknya 5 helai daun.</div>
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Pemindahan bibit tomat</h2>
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Sebelum bibit dipindahkan, siapkan media tanam dan polybag. Isi polybag tersebut dengan tanah, arang sekam, dan kompos dengan perbandingan 2:1:1. Untuk lebih detailnya lihat cara membuat <a href="http://alamtani.com/media-tanam-sayuran-polybag.html" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Membuat media tanam untuk budidaya sayuran dalam polybag">media tanam</a> untuk polybag.</div>
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Terdapat dua cara menanam tomat dari tempat persemaian ke dalam polybag. Pertama, memindahkan bibit dengan dicabut. Caranya, siram persemaian dengan air agar media tanam menjadi lunak. Lalu cabut tanaman dengan hati-hati jangan sampai akar tanaman putus atau rusak. Kemudian masukkan tanaman tersebut secara tegak lurus pada lubang tanam yang ada dalam polybag. Posisi akar harus tegak lurus jangan sampai bengkok atau terlipat. Atur kedalaman lubang tanam sesuai dengan panjang akar.</div>
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Kedua, memindahkan bibit dengan diputar. Caranya tanaman tomat diangkat dengan media yang ada disekitarnya. Untuk bibit dari bedengan, cungkil tanaman sedalam 10 cm dengan sekop atau tangan. Kemudian angkat dan pindahkan berikut dengan tanahnya.</div>
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Untuk bibit dalam polybag semai, sobek atau tarik plastik polybag semai kemudian dipindahkan beserta tanahnya kedalam polybag yang lebih besar. Polybag semai dari plastik bisa dipakai berulang-ulang.</div>
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Pemeliharaan dan perawatan</h2>
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Pemeliharaan tanaman tomat dalam polybag atau pot relatif mudah. Kesehatan tanaman lebih lebih terkontrol karena terhindar dari penularan penyakit lewat akar. Jaga agar media tanam tidak terlalu kering. Siram setidaknya 2 kali sehari, tetapi jangan terlalu basah untuk menghindari busuk akar.</div>
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Siangi gulma yang terdapat dalam polybag secara teratur. Apabila ada tanaman yang layu atau mati, cabut segera dan buang media tanamnya agar tidak menulari tanaman lain. Perawatan lain yang diperlukan adalah pemangkasan tunas dan pemberian ajir sebagai penopang tanaman.</div>
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Pupuk tanaman setelah satu minggu dengan kompos sebanyak satu genggam untuk setiap polybag. Lakukan penambahan pupuk kompos setiap bulan, atau bila terlihat tanaman kurang subur. Bila tanaman akan berbuah bisa ditambahkan pupuk buah atau pupuk organik cair.</div>
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<span style="color: black;"><a href="http://alamtani.com/tanaman-tomat.html" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Hama dan penyakit tanaman tomat">Hama dan peyakit tanaman tomat</a> lumayan banyak. Bila terlihat ada serangan hama, ambil hama tersebut secara manual. Buang daun atau batang yang rusak terkena hama. Penyemprotan hendaknya dilakukan apabila benar-benar diperlukan. Agar lebih aman untuk kesehatan dan lingkungan gunakan pestisida organik yang lebih alami. Silahkan baca cara membuat <a href="http://alamtani.com/pestisida-organik.html" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Cara membuat pestisida organik">pestisida organik</a>.</span></div>
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Pemanenan</h2>
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Tanaman tomat dalam polybag sudah bisa dipanen setelah 3 bulan, tergantung dari varietasnya. Kriteria buah tomat yang siap dipanen adalah yang berubah warna dari hijau ke kuning-kuningan atau tepi daun terlihat kering dan batang menguning. Pemetikan dilakukan pada buah yang telah matang saja.</div>
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Buah tomat tidak matang secara serentak. Lakukan pemetikan setiap 2-3 hari sekali, jangan terlalu rapat untuk menghindari kerusakan tanaman. Waktu pemetikan yang paling baik pagi dan sore hari, ketika sinar matahari tidak terlalu terik. Demikian uraian singkat tenang cara menanam tomat dalam polybag.</div>
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rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-43825225538738863562014-11-15T22:20:00.003-08:002014-11-15T22:21:08.897-08:00Engineering Verticulture, definition and excellence<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRgvqiPYxOwauIYdS84c-6xiauYWWEmP5_SNWC-n_pbVptnUT9bqKtl82gTP3MysXS4FjcfOyOUFieyniwfbtYgozpNVw_3DcvmMeOyuybCgEm4alFV5votGAsHz649ZmvqyX1lDnYZ83A/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-1Q5Y2cwLzXfAtGNis7CefnloG_ilCqTT8mvlKeqz9GSjGKAIVzH-hsJzYBgfD8aDKFzQ_pq8ZmSDuEmByA8ask9iGjkx8o7gM9nDLxr5sXk0RmxrbfdsAkurrw2mJ0arzzIaHczJBHSS/s1600/teknik-vertikultur.png" height="304" width="320" /></a><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Author</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Saving</span> <span class="hps">Places</span><br /> <span class="hps">Ease of</span> <span class="hps">Preparation</span><br /> <span class="hps">Ease of</span> <span class="hps">Maintenance</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Technique</span> <span class="hps">is a</span> <span class="hps">way of</span> <span class="hps">farming</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">Verticulture</span> <span class="hps">done</span> <span class="hps">by placing the</span> <span class="hps">planting medium</span> <span class="hps">in the</span> <span class="hps">containers</span> <span class="hps">are arranged</span> <span class="hps">vertically</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">it can be said</span> <span class="hps">that</span> <span class="hps">vertikultur</span> <span class="hps">an effort</span> <span class="hps">towards</span> <span class="hps">vertical</span> <span class="hps">space utilization</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Thus</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">system</span> <span class="hps">vertikultur</span> <span class="hps">planting</span> <span class="hps">can</span> <span class="hps">be alternative</span> <span class="hps">for people</span> <span class="hps">who</span> <span class="hps">live in the city</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">which</span> <span class="hps">has a</span> <span class="hps">narrow land</span> <span class="hps">or no</span> <span class="hps">land left</span> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">cultivation</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">The types</span> <span class="hps">of plants that</span> <span class="hps">are</span> <span class="hps">normally</span> <span class="hps">cultivated</span> <span class="hps">plants that</span> <span class="hps">have high economic value</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">short-lived</span> <span class="hps">or</span> <span class="hps">crops</span> <span class="hps">especially vegetables</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>such as</span> <span class="hps">celery</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">caisism</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">pack</span><span class="atn">-</span><span>choy</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">baby</span> <span class="hps">you</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">lettuce</span><span>)</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">has a</span> <span class="hps">root</span> <span class="hps">system</span> <span class="hps">that is not too</span> <span class="hps">broad</span><span class="">.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Engineering</span> <span class="hps">Excellence</span> <span class="hps">Verticulture</span><span>:</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">1.</span> <span class="hps">Save</span> <span class="hps">land</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">water</span><br /> <span class="hps">2.</span> <span class="hps">Support for</span> <span class="hps">organic farming</span><br /> <span class="hps">3.</span> <span class="hps">Container</span> <span class="hps">planting medium</span> <span class="hps">adapted to local conditions</span><br /> <span class="hps">4.</span> <span class="hps">Age of plants</span> <span class="hps">is relatively</span> <span class="hps">short</span><br /> <span class="hps">5.</span> <span class="hps">Plant maintenance</span> <span class="hps">is relatively simple</span><br /> <span class="hps">6.</span> <span class="hps">Can be</span> <span class="hps">done by</span> <span class="hps">anyone who is</span> <span class="hps">interested</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Understanding</span> <span class="hps">Techniques</span> <span class="hps">Verticulture</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Verticulture</span> <span class="hps">verticulture</span> <span class="hps">taken from the term</span> <span class="hps">in English</span> <span class="hps">(vertical</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">culture)</span> <span class="hps">means the</span> <span class="hps">system of</span> <span class="hps">agricultural cultivation</span> <span class="hps">done</span> <span class="hps">or rise vertically</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">How</span> <span class="hps">vertikultur</span> <span class="hps">farming</span> <span class="hps">is actually</span> <span class="hps">tantamount to</span> <span class="hps">planting</span> <span class="hps">in the garden or</span> <span class="hps">in the fields.</span> <span class="hps">The difference</span> <span class="hps">lies in</span> <span class="hps">the</span> <span class="hps">use</span> <span class="hps">of land</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">For example</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">the land</span> <span class="hps">may</span> <span class="hps">only be</span> <span class="hps">1</span> <span class="hps">meter</span> <span class="hps">to</span> <span class="hps">plant 5</span> <span class="hps">plants.</span> <span class="hps">With a</span> <span class="hps">vertical system</span> <span class="hps">can be used for</span> <span class="hps">20</span> <span class="hps">plants.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">The extent of</span> <span class="hps">cultivated</span> <span class="hps">plants</span> <span class="hps">which we will</span> <span class="hps">depend</span> <span class="hps">on the model</span> <span class="hps">we use</span> <span class="hps">container</span><span>.</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">Forms</span> <span class="hps">Techniques</span> <span class="hps">Verticulture</span><br /> <span class="hps">Verticulture</span> <span class="hps">can be done</span> <span class="hps">by utilizing</span> <span class="hps">the materials</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">equipment that</span> <span class="hps">are all around us</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Selection of</span> <span class="hps">media containers</span> <span class="hps">should be selected</span> <span class="hps">from</span> <span class="hps">materials</span> <span class="hps">strong enough and</span> <span class="hps">able to stand</span> <span class="hps">up straight</span><span>.</span><br /></span><br /><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRgvqiPYxOwauIYdS84c-6xiauYWWEmP5_SNWC-n_pbVptnUT9bqKtl82gTP3MysXS4FjcfOyOUFieyniwfbtYgozpNVw_3DcvmMeOyuybCgEm4alFV5votGAsHz649ZmvqyX1lDnYZ83A/s1600/images.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjRgvqiPYxOwauIYdS84c-6xiauYWWEmP5_SNWC-n_pbVptnUT9bqKtl82gTP3MysXS4FjcfOyOUFieyniwfbtYgozpNVw_3DcvmMeOyuybCgEm4alFV5votGAsHz649ZmvqyX1lDnYZ83A/s1600/images.jpg" height="320" width="400" /> </a></span><br />
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"> <span class="hps">Some</span> <span class="hps">draft</span> <span class="hps">media containers</span> <span class="hps">commonly used</span> <span class="hps">are:</span><br /></span><br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"> <span class="hps">Columns</span> <span class="hps">arranged</span> <span class="hps">in a vertical</span> <span class="hps">container</span> <span class="hps">media</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Each</span> <span class="hps">container</span> <span class="hps">arranged</span> <span class="hps">in an upright position</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">stand</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">a hole</span> <span class="hps">on the surface</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">open space or</span> <span class="hps">as a</span> <span class="hps">planting hole</span><span>.</span></span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"> <span class="hps">Column</span> <span class="hps">media containers</span> <span class="hps">arranged horizontally</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Each</span> <span class="hps">container</span> <span class="hps">is made</span> <span class="hps">in the form of</span> <span class="hps">columns</span> <span class="hps">horizontally</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>pots</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">polybags</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">crackle</span><span>)</span> <span class="hps">which are then</span> <span class="hps">arranged in</span> <span class="hps">shelves</span> <span class="hps">towards the</span> <span class="hps">vertical</span></span><span class="hps"> </span></li>
<li><span class="hps">Media containers</span> <span class="hps">hanging</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">Containers</span> <span class="hps">composed</span> <span class="hps">of interconnected</span> <span class="hps">media</span> <span class="hps">and then hanged</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">so as to resemble</span> <span class="hps">a hanging</span> <span class="hps">pots</span><span>.</span></li>
</ol>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><br /> <span class="hps">Step</span> <span class="hps">-</span> <span class="hps">step</span> <span class="hps">by</span> <span class="hps">Verticulture</span> <span class="hps">Cultivation</span> <span class="hps">Work</span><span>:</span><br /></span><br />
<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"> <span class="hps">Taking into account</span> <span class="hps">the condition of</span> <span class="hps">the land to be</span> <span class="hps">used</span> <span class="hps">for</span> <span class="hps">cultivation</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>land area</span><span>)</span></span> </li>
<li> <span class="hps">Preparation of</span> <span class="hps">container</span> <span class="hps">growing media</span> <span class="hps">in accordance with the</span> <span class="hps">existing conditions</span> <span class="hps">(either</span> <span class="hps">bamboo</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">PVC</span> <span class="hps">pipe</span> <span class="hps">/</span> <span class="hps">PVC</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">guttering</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">plastic</span> <span class="hps">pots</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">tin cans</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">poly bags,</span> <span class="hps">plastic bag</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">etc.</span><span></span><span class="hps"> </span></li>
<li><span class="hps">Making</span> <span class="hps">buildings</span> <span class="hps">vertikultur</span><span class="hps">Preparation of</span> <span class="hps">plant</span> <span class="hps">growing medium</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>soil</span> <span class="hps">+</span> <span class="hps">organic</span> <span class="hps">fertilizer</span><span>)</span></li>
<li><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"></span><span class="hps">The selection of plants</span> <span class="hps">to be cultivated</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">will depend on the</span> <span class="hps">plant canopy</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">sunlight</span> <span class="hps">requirements</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">and</span> <span class="hps">selected</span> <span class="hps">as</span> <span class="hps">a</span> <span class="hps">container</span> <span class="hps">planting</span><span>.</span> <span class="hps">All 3</span> <span class="hps">of these factors</span> <span class="hps">must be</span> <span class="hps">taken into account</span> <span class="hps">if</span> <span class="hps">one unit</span> <span class="hps">building</span> <span class="hps">vertikultur</span> <span class="hps">cultivated</span> <span class="hps">some plants</span> <span class="hps">as well</span><span>.</span></li>
</ul>
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"> <span class="hps">Cultivation</span> <span class="hps atn">(</span><span>Nursery</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">Nurseries,</span> <span class="hps">Maintenance</span><span>,</span> <span class="hps">Harvest and Post Harvest</span><span>)</span><br /><br /> <span class="hps">reff</span><br /> <span class="hps">Photo</span><span>:</span> <span class="hps">http://hanidanbunga.blogspot.com</span></span></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-89655038633415295132014-11-15T22:10:00.002-08:002014-11-15T22:21:12.558-08:00Teknik Vertikultur, definisi dan keunggulan<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Teknik Vertikultur, definisi
dan keunggulan</span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM4ad0u-IYJ57PwfYcq4t_9ssyZWVOV61RQw0j86N_DRwScpDUFM_buCBa1rVUyIFyKk30iZAjQvkyND8ZiKc7MqHUhyphenhyphen5ArC9sOGiUVkszZwfD0SCDhMe701udyYhFJ97zo8TgN2YpY0Vs/s1600/teknik-vertikultur.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM4ad0u-IYJ57PwfYcq4t_9ssyZWVOV61RQw0j86N_DRwScpDUFM_buCBa1rVUyIFyKk30iZAjQvkyND8ZiKc7MqHUhyphenhyphen5ArC9sOGiUVkszZwfD0SCDhMe701udyYhFJ97zo8TgN2YpY0Vs/s1600/teknik-vertikultur.png" height="190" width="200" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Author </span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hemat Tempat </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemudahan Pembuatan </span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemudahan Perawatan </span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknik
Vertikultur</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> merupakan cara
bertanam yang dilakukan dengan menempatkan media tanam dalam wadah-wadah yang
disusun secara vertical, atau dapat dikatakan bahwa vertikultur merupakan upaya
pemanfaatan ruang ke arah vertical. Dengan demikian penanaman dengan system
vertikultur dapat dijadikan alternative bagi masyarakat yang tinggal di kota,
yang memiliki lahan sempit atau bahkan tidak ada lahan yang tersisa untuk
budidaya tanaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jenis-jenis
tanaman yang dibudidayakan biasanya adalah tanaman yang memiliki nilai ekonomi
tinggi, berumur pendek atau tanaman semusim khususnya sayuran (seperti seledri,
caisism, pack-choy, baby kalian, dan selada), dan memiliki system perakaran
yang tidak terlalu luas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keunggulan Teknik Vertikultur :</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Hemat
lahan dan air<br />
2. Mendukung pertanian organik<br />
3. Wadah media tanam disesuaikan dengan kondisi setempat<br />
4. Umur tanaman relative pendek<br />
5. Pemeliharaan tanaman relative sederhana<br />
6. Dapat dilakukan oleh siapa saja yang berminat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian Teknik Vertikultur</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Vertikultur
diambil dari istilah verticulture dalam bahasa lnggris (vertical dan culture)
artinya sistem budidaya pertanian yang dilakukan secara vertikal atau
bertingkat. Cara bercocok tanam secara vertikultur ini sebenarnya sama saja
dengan bercocok tanam di kebun atau di sawah. Perbedaannya terletak pada lahan
yang digunakan. Misalnya, lahan 1 meter mungkin hanya bisa untuk menanam 5
batang tanaman. Dengan sistem vertikal bisa untuk 20 batang tanaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Banyak
sedikitnya tanaman yang akan kita budidayakan bergantung pada model wadah yang
kita gunakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bentuk-bentuk
Teknik Vertikultur</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<u>Vertikultur dapat dikerjakan dengan memanfaatkan bahan-bahan dan peralatan
yang ada di sekitar kita</u>. Pemilihan wadah media sebaiknya dipilih dari
bahan yang cukup kokoh dan mampu berdiri tegak. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLD4-VskwZeZh4RdHYXgHIPyZf5zaT6g-dx1jDLEU1QIkkoERwnAbdkHMyo84tjGAK9JrHuokbXEVcuXmw4VPDVssTYSUfKDq5Fyl1BlhjIH_pO0anxqGOhlmTvNJDBendcVhrzTyg25Jn/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLD4-VskwZeZh4RdHYXgHIPyZf5zaT6g-dx1jDLEU1QIkkoERwnAbdkHMyo84tjGAK9JrHuokbXEVcuXmw4VPDVssTYSUfKDq5Fyl1BlhjIH_pO0anxqGOhlmTvNJDBendcVhrzTyg25Jn/s1600/images.jpg" height="320" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<a href="http://www.ayoberkebun.com/"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
<b>Beberapa rancangan wadah media yang umum digunakan adalah :</b></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolom wadah media disusun
secara vertical. Setiap wadah disusun dalam posisi tegak/berdiri dan
diberi lubang pada permukaannya sebagai tempat terbuka atau sebagai lubang
tanam.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kolom wadah media disusun
secara horizontal. Setiap wadah dibuat dalam bentuk kolom secara mendatar
(pot, polybag, kresek) yang kemudian disusun dalam rak-rak kea rah
vertikal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wadah media gantung. Wadah
media disusun saling berhubungan lalu digantung, sehingga menyerupai pot-pot
gantung.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Langkah –
langkah Pengerjaan Budidaya Tanaman secara Vertikultur :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperhatikan kondisi lahan
yang akan digunakan untuk budidaya tanaman (luas lahan)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyiapan wadah media tanam
sesuai dengan kondisi yang ada (dapat berupa bambu, pipa paralon/PVC,
talang air, pot plastic, kaleng bekas, polybag, plastik kresek, dll)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan bangunan vertikultur</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyiapan media tumbuh tanaman
(pupuk organic + tanah)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemilihan jenis tanaman yang
akan dibudidayakan, tergantung kepada besar tajuk tanaman, kebutuhan sinar
matahari, dan wadah yang dipilih sebagai tempat penanaman. Ke-3 faktor ini
harus diperhitungkan jika dalam satu unit bangunan vertikultur
dibudidayakan beberapa jenis tanaman sekaligus.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Budidaya tanaman (Persemaian,
Pembibitan, Pemeliharaan, Panen dan Pasca Panen)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reff<br />
Photo : http://hanidanbunga.blogspot.com</span></div>
</div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-63772273896111086082013-12-08T02:09:00.000-08:002013-12-08T02:09:06.804-08:00DIFFERENCES IN COOPERATION WITH CORPORATE / INSTITUTION<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="PERBEDAAN KOPERASI DENGAN BADAN USAHA/LEMBAGA"></span><span title="PERBEDAAN KOPERASI DENGAN BADAN USAHA/LEMBAGA">DIFFERENCES IN COOPERATION WITH CORPORATE / INSTITUTION</span><span title="Pengertian Koperasi">understanding Cooperatives</span><span title="Pengertian koperasi menurut Undang-undang Nomor 25 tahun 1992 ialah bidang usaha yang beranggotakan orang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan.">Understanding
cooperative according to Law No. 25 of 1992 is composed of the lines of
business or legal entity with the bases cooperative activities based on
the principles of economic cooperation as well as people's movement is
based on the principle of the family .</span><span title="Koperasi sebagai badan usaha dapat melakukan kegiatan usahanya sendiri dan dapat juga bekerja sama dengan badan usaha lain, seperti perusahaan swasta maupun perusahaan negara.">Cooperative
as a business entity can perform his own activities and can also work
together with other business entities , such as private companies and
state enterprises .</span><span title="Perbedaan antara koperasi dan badan usaha lain, dapat digolongkan sebagai berikut:">The difference between cooperatives and other business entities can be classified as follows :<br /><br /> </span><span title="Dilihat dari segi organisasi">In terms of organization<br /></span><span title="Koperasi adalah organisasi yang mempunyai kepentingan yang sama bagi para anggotanya.">Cooperatives are organizations that have a common interest to its members . </span><span title="Dalam melaksanakan usahanya, kekuatan tertinggi pada koperasi terletak di tangan anggota, sedangkan dalam badan usaha bukan koperasi, anggotanya terbatas kepada orang yang memiliki modal, dan dalam pelaksanaannya kegiatannya kekuasaan tertinggi berada pada pemilik modal usaha.">In
carrying out its business , the ultimate power lies in the hands of the
cooperative members , while the entity is not cooperative , members are
limited to those who have the capital , and in the implementation
activities are the highest authority on venture capital owners .<br /><br /> </span><span title="Dilihat dari segi tujuan usaha">In terms of business objectives<br /></span><span title="Koperasi bertujuan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan bagi para anggotanya dengan melayani anggota seadil-adilnya, sedangkan badan usaha bukan koperasi pada umumnya bertujuan untuk mendapatkan keuntungan.">Cooperative
aims to meet the needs of its members by serving members of the fairest
, while the non-cooperative enterprises are generally intended to
benefit .<br /><br /> </span><span title="Dilihat dari segi sikap hubungan usaha">In terms of the attitude of the business relationship<br /></span><span title="Koperasi senantiasa mengadakan koordinasi atau kerja sama antara koperasi satu dan koperasi lainnya, sedangkan badan usaha bukan koperasi sering bersaing satu dengan lainnya.">Always
cooperative coordination or cooperation between cooperatives and other
cooperative one , while the non-cooperative enterprises often compete
with one another .<br /><br /> </span><span title="Dilihat dari segi pengelolaan usaha">In terms of business management<br /></span><span title="Pengelolaan usaha koperasi dilakukan secara terbuka, sedangkan badan usaha bukan koperasi pengelolaan usahanya dilakukan secara tertutup.">Management
of the cooperative effort conducted openly , while the entity is not
cooperative management efforts conducted in private .<br /></span><span title="Ciri-ciri Koperasi">The characteristics of the Cooperative</span><span title="Beberapa ciri dari koperasi ialah:">Some characteristics of the cooperative are :<br /><br /> </span><span title="Perkumpulan orang.">Gatherings of people .<br /> </span><span title="Pembagian keuntungan menurut perbandingan jasa.">Services according to the profit sharing ratio . </span><span title="Jasa modal dibatasi.">Capital services is limited .<br /> </span><span title="Tujuannya meringankan beban ekonomi anggotanya, memperbaiki kesejahteraan anggotanya, pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya.">The goal lighten the economic burden of members , improve the welfare of its members , in particular and society in general .<br /> </span><span title="Modal tidak tetap, berubah menurut banyaknya simpanan anggota.">Capital is not fixed , it changes according to the number of member savings .<br /> </span><span title="Tidak mementingkan pemasukan modal/pekerjaan usaha tetapi keanggotaan prinsip kebersamaan.">Not concerned with capital income / work effort but membership principles of togetherness .<br /> </span><span title="Dalam rapat anggota tiap anggota masing-masing atau suara tanpa memperhatikan jumlah modal masing-masing.">In a meeting of members of each of their respective members or sounds without regard to the amount of capital each.<br /> </span><span title="Setiap anggota bebas untuk masuk/keluar (anggota berganti) sehingga dalam koperasi tidak terdapat modal permanen.">Each member is free to enter / exit ( member switch ) so that the cooperatives are not permanent capital .<br /> </span><span title="Seperti halnya perusahaan yang berbentuk Perseroan Terbatas (PT) maka Koperasi mempunyai bentuk Badan Hukum.">As with any limited liability company ( PT ), the Cooperative has the form of legal entity .<br /> </span><span title="Menjalankan suatu usaha">Running a business<br /> </span><span title="Penanggungjawab koperasi adalah pengurus.">Responsible for the management of cooperatives is .<br /> </span><span title="Koperasi bukan kumpulan modal beberapa orang yang bertujuan mencari laba sebesar-besarnya.">Cooperative capital is not a collection of some of the people who aim for profit maximization.<br /> </span><span title="Koperasi adalah usaha bersama kekeluargaan dan kegotong-royongan.">Cooperative is a joint effort of family and cooperativeness . </span><span title="Setiap anggota berkewajiban bekerja sama untuk mencapai tujuan yaitu kesejahteraan para anggota.">Each member is obliged to work together to achieve the goal of welfare of the members .<br /> </span><span title="Kerugian dipikul bersama antara anggota.">Losses might be shared among members . </span><span title="Jika koperasi menderita kerugian, maka para anggota memikul bersama.">If the cooperative suffered a loss , then the members bear joint . </span><span title="Anggota yang tidak mampu dibebaskan atas beban/tanggungan kerugian.">Members who are not able to exempt the expense / loss dependents . </span><span title="Kerugian dipikul oleh anggota yang mampu.">Losses incurred by members who are able .<br /></span><span title="Tujuan Koperasi">purpose Cooperative</span><span title="Menurut Undang-undang Nomor 25 tahun 1992 Pasal 3 koperasi bertujuan memajukan kesejahteraan anggotanya pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya serta ikut membangun tatanan perekonomian nasional dalam rangka mewujudkan masyarakat yang maju, adil dan makmur berlandaskan Pancasila dan UUD 1945.">According
to Law No. 25 of 1992 Section 3 cooperative aims to promote the welfare
of its members in particular and the public in general and to help
build the national economy in order to realize an advanced society ,
just and prosperous based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution . </span><span title="Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Koperasi">Advantages and Disadvantages of Cooperative</span><span title="Hal-hal yang menjadi kelebihan koperasi di Indonesia adalah:">Things that become excess cooperatives in Indonesia are :<br /><br /> </span><span title="Bersifat terbuka dan sukarela.">Is open and voluntary .<br /> </span><span title="Besarnya simpanan pokok dan simpanan wajib tidak memberatkan anggota.">The amount of principal and mandatory savings are not burdensome members .<br /> </span><span title="Setiap anggota memiliki hak suara yang sama, bukan berdasarkan besarnya modal">Each member has equal voting rights , not based on the amount of capital<br /> </span><span title="Bertujuan meningkatkan kesejahteraan anggota dan bukan sematamata mencari keuntungan.">Aiming at improving the welfare of its members and not merely for profit .<br /></span><span title="Hal-hal yang menjadi kelemahan koperasi di Indonesia adalah:">Things that become weaknesses cooperatives in Indonesia are :<br /><br /> </span><span title="Koperasi sulit berkembang karena modal terbatas.">Cooperative difficult to develop because of limited capital .<br /> </span><span title="Kurang cakapnya pengurus dalam mengelola koperasi.">Less cakapnya administrators in managing the cooperative .<br /> </span><span title="Pengurus kadang-kadang tidak jujur.">Administrators sometimes dishonest .<br /> </span><span title="Kurangnya kerja sama antara pengurus, pengawas dan anggotanya.">Lack of cooperation between administrators , supervisors and members .<br /></span><span title="contoh Koperasi">Cooperative examples</span><span title="Koperasi Simpan Pinjam"> Credit Unions</span><span title="Koperasi simpan pinjam adalah koperasi yang fungsinya kurang lebih sama dengan bank.">Credit unions are cooperatives that function more or less the same as the bank .</span><span title="Bedanya, koperasi simpan pinjam tidak mengambil keuntungan atau bunga dari si anggota peminjam.">The difference, credit unions do not take advantage or interest of the members of the borrower . </span><span title="Sejumlah uang benar-benar dipinjamkan dengan tujuan membangun usaha sesuai kesepakatan yang dibuat sebelumnya.">Amount of money actually loaned with the goal of establishing appropriate business agreements made earlier .<br /></span><span title="Koperasi Produsen"> Cooperative Producers</span><span title="Koperasi produsen adalah koperasi yang anggotanya adalah orang yang bergerak di bidang produksi barang.">Producer cooperative is a cooperative whose members are engaged in the production of goods . </span><span title="Yaitu, usaha kecil sampai menengah (UKM) yang didirikan home industri.Kegiatannya adalah pengadaan bahan baku.">Ie , small to medium enterprises ( SMEs ) which established the home industri.Kegiatannya is the procurement of raw materials .<br /></span><span title="Badan Usaha/lembaga">Enterprises / institutions</span><span title="Badan usaha adalah kesatuan yuridis (hukum), teknis, dan ekonomis yang bertujuan mencari laba atau keuntungan.">Business entity is a juridical entity ( law ) , technical , and economic aims for profit or gain . </span><span title="Badan Usaha seringkali disamakan dengan perusahaan, walaupun pada kenyataannya berbeda.">Enterprises often equated with the company , although the reality is different . </span><span title="Perbedaan utamanya, Badan Usaha adalah lembaga sementara perusahaan adalah tempat dimana Badan Usaha itu mengelola faktor-faktor produksi.">The
main difference , the entity is a temporary institution is a place
where the company 's enterprises manage the factors of production .</span><span title="Jenis-Jenis Badan Usaha di Indonesia">Types of Business Entities in Indonesia</span><span title="Ø BUMN">Ø SOE</span><span title="Badan Usaha Milik Negara (atau BUMN) ialah badan usaha yang permodalannya seluruhnya atau sebagian dimiliki oleh Pemerintah.">State Owned Enterprises ( or SOE ) is the capital of business entities wholly or partially owned by the Government . </span><span title="Status pegawai badan usaha-badan usaha tersebut adalah karyawan BUMN bukan pegawai negeri.">Status of agency employees - business enterprises are SOEs employees are not civil servants . </span><span title="BUMN sendiri sekarang ada 3 macam yaitu Perjan, Perum dan Persero.">SOE itself now there are 3 kinds Testament , Perum and Persero .</span><span title="Ø Perjan">Ø Perjan</span><span title="Perjan adalah bentuk badan usaha milik negara yang seluruh modalnya dimiliki oleh pemerintah.">Testament is a form of state-owned enterprises which are wholly owned by the government . </span><span title="Perjan ini berorientasi pelayanan pada masyarakat, Sehingga selalu merugi.">This Perjan oriented service to the community , so at a loss . </span><span title="Sekarang sudah tidak ada perusahaan BUMN yang menggunakan model perjan karena besarnya biaya untuk memelihara perjan-perjan tersebut sesuai dengan Undang Undang (UU) Nomor 19 tahun 2003 tentang BUMN.">Now
there is no state-owned company that uses the model covenants because
of the cost to maintain these covenants - covenants in accordance with
the Act ( Act ) No. 19 of 2003 on SOEs . </span><span title="Contoh Perjan: PJKA (Perusahaan Jawatan Kereta Api) kini berganti menjadi PT.KAI">Example Testament : PJKA ( Railway Bureau Company ) has now turned into PT.KAI</span><span title="Ø Perum">Ø Housing</span><span title="Perum adalah perjan yang sudah diubah.">Housing is already amended covenants . </span><span title="Tujuannya tidak lagi berorientasi pelayanan tetapi sudah profit oriented.">The goal is no longer oriented to profit oriented service but already . </span><span title="Sama seperti Perjan, perum di kelola oleh negara dengan status pegawainya sebagai Pegawai Negeri.">Just like Testament , Public Corporation is managed by state employees with status as a Public Servant . </span><span title="Namun perusahaan masih merugi meskipun status Perjan diubah menjadi Perum, sehingga pemerintah terpaksa menjual sebagian saham Perum tersebut kepada publik (go public) dan statusnya diubah menjadi persero.">But
the company is still losing money despite the status changed to Perum
Testament , so the government was forced to sell some shares to the
public Housing ( go public ) and converted into a limited company status
.<br /></span><span title="Ø Persero">Ø Limited</span><span title="Persero adalah salah satu Badan Usaha yang dikelola oleh Negara atau Daerah.">Limited is one of the enterprises that are managed by the State or Local . </span><span title="Berbeda dengan Perum atau Perjan, tujuan didirikannya Persero yang pertama adalah mencari keuntungan dan yang kedua memberi pelayanan kepada umum.">In
contrast to the Housing or Testament , the first purpose built Persero
is for profit and the second providing service to the public . </span><span title="Modal pendiriannya berasal sebagian atau seluruhnya dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan berupa saham-saham.">Founding capital is derived partly or wholly separated from the country's wealth in the form of shares . </span><span title="Persero dipimpin oleh direksi.">Limited headed by directors . </span><span title="Sedangkan pegawainya berstatus sebagai pegawai swasta.">While the employee 's status as private employees . </span><span title="Badan usaha ditulis PT < nama perusahaan > (Persero).">Written business entity PT < company name > ( Persero ) . </span><span title="Perusahaan ini tidak memperoleh fasilitas negara.">The company did not acquire state facilities . </span><span title="Jadi dari uraian di atas, ciri-ciri Persero adalah:">So from the above description , the characteristics Limited are :<br /><br /> </span><span title="Tujuan utamanya mencari laba (Komersial)">The main objective for profit ( Commercial )<br /> </span><span title="Modal sebagian atau seluruhnya berasal dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan yang berupa saham-saham">Capital partly or entirely derived from the wealth of a country that separated the stocks<br /> </span><span title="Dipimpin oleh direksi">Led by directors<br /> </span><span title="Pegawainya berstatus sebagai pegawai swasta">Employee status as private employees<br /> </span><span title="Badan usahanya ditulis PT (nama perusahaan) (Persero)">Written business entity PT ( name of company ) (Limited )<br /> </span><span title="Tidak memperoleh fasilitas negara">Not obtained state<br /></span><span title="Contoh perusahaan yang mempunyai badan usaha Persero antara lain:">Examples of companies that have a business entity Limited , among others :<br /><br /> </span><span title="PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero) Tbk.">PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia ( Persero ) Tbk .<br /> </span><span title="PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk.">PT Bank Mandiri ( Persero ) Tbk .<br /> </span><span title="PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero)">PT Garuda Indonesia ( Persero )<br /> </span><span title="PT Angkasa Pura (Persero)">PT Angkasa Pura ( Persero )<br /> </span><span title="PT Perusahaan Pertambangan dan Minyak Negara (Persero)">Mining and Oil Company PT (Persero )<br /> </span><span title="PT Tambang Bukit Asam (Persero)">PT Tambang Bukit Asam ( Persero )<br /> </span><span title="PT Aneka Tambang (Persero)">PT Aneka Tambang ( Persero )<br /> </span><span title="PT Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia (Persero)">PT National Sailing Indonesia ( Persero )<br /> </span><span title="PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero)">PT PLN ( Persero )<br /> </span><span title="PT Pos Indonesia (Persero)">PT Pos Indonesia ( Persero )<br /> </span><span title="PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero)">PT Kereta Api Indonesia ( Persero )<br /> </span><span title="PT Adhi Karya (Persero)">PT Adhi Karya ( Persero )<br /> </span><span title="PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara (Persero)">PT PLN ( Persero )<br /> </span><span title="PT Perusahaan Perumahan (Persero)">Housing Company PT ( Persero )<br /> </span><span title="PT Waskitha Karya (Persero)">Waskitha PT Karya ( Persero )<br /> </span><span title="PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia (Persero)">PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia ( Persero )<br /></span><span title="Ø BUMS">Ø BUMS</span><span title="Badan Usaha Milik Swasta atau BUMS adalah badan usaha yang didirikan dan dimodali oleh seseorang atau sekelompok orang.">Private -owned enterprises or private enterprises are enterprises established and financed by a person or group of people . </span><span title="Berdasarkan UUD 1945 pasal 33, bidang- bidang usaha yang diberikan kepada pihak swasta adalah mengelola sumber daya ekonomi yang bersifat tidak vital dan strategis atau yang tidak menguasai hajat hidup orang banyak.">Based
on article 33 of the 1945 Constitution , the fields of activity given
to the private sector is to manage the economic resources that are not
vital and strategic or who do not master the lives of many people . </span><span title="Berdasarkan bentuk hukumnya Badan usaha milik swasta dibedakan atas :">Based on the legal form of private -owned enterprises distinguished by:<br /><br /></span><span title="Ø Perusahaan Persekutuan">Ø Company Guild</span><span title="Perusahaan persekutuan adalah perusahaan yang memiliki 2 pemodal atau lebih.">The company is a partnership company that has 2 or more investors . </span><span title="Ada 3 bentuk perusahaan persekutuan:">There are 3 forms of partnership firm :</span><span title="1.">1 . </span><span title="Firma">firm</span><span title="Firma (Fa) adalah badan usaha yang didirikan oleh 2 orang atau lebih dimana tiap- tiap anggota bertanggung jawab penuh atas perusahaan.">Firma
( Fa ) is a business entity which is established by two or more persons
in which each member takes full responsibility for the company . </span><span title="Modal firma berasal dari anggota pendiri serta laba/ keuntungan dibagikan kepada anggota dengan perbandingan sesuai akta pendirian.">Capital
firms as well as the founding members came from earnings / profits
distributed to members in accordance with the ratio of the deed of
establishment .</span><span title="2.">2 . </span><span title="Persekutuan komanditer">Guild limited partnership</span><span title="Persekutuan Komanditer (commanditaire vennootschap atau CV) adalah suatu persekutuan yang didirikan oleh 2 orang atau lebih.">Kommanditgesellschaft ( Commanditaire Vennootschap or CV ) is a partnership founded by two people or more . </span><span title="Persekutuan komanditer mengenal 2 istilah yaitu :">Guild limited partnership are 2 terms are:</span><span title="Sekutu aktif adalah anggota yang memimpin/ menjalankan perusahaan dan bertanggung jawab penuh atas utang- utang perusahaan."> Allied is an active member of the lead / run a company and are fully responsible for the debts of the company .</span><span title=" Sekutu pasif / sekutu komanditer adalah anggota yang hanya menanamkan modalnya kepada sekutu aktif dan tidak ikut campur dalam urusan operasional perusahaan.">
Allied passive / ally limited partnership is the only member of the
general partner to invest and not to interfere in the affairs of the
company's operations . </span><span title="Sekutu pasif bertanggung jawab atas risiko yang terjadi sampai batas modal yang ditanam.">Passive ally responsible for the risks that occur to the extent of invested capital . </span><span title="Keuntungan yang diperoleh dari perusahaan dibagikan sesuai kesepakatan.">Gains from the company distributed according to the agreement .</span><span title="Ø Perseroan terbatas">Ø Limited Company</span><span title="Perseroan terbatas (PT) adalah badan usaha yang modalnya diperoleh dari hasil penjualan saham.">Limited liability company ( PT ) is a business entity whose capital is derived from the sale of shares . </span><span title="Setiap pemegang surat saham mempunyai hak atas perusahaan dan setiap pemegang surat saham berhak atas keuntungan (dividen).">Each holder of shares have the right to the company and each holder of shares entitled to profits ( dividends ) .</span><span title="Ø Yayasan">Ø Foundation</span><span title="Yayasan adalah suatu badan usaha, tetapi tidak merupakan perusahaan karena tidak mencari keuntungan.">The Foundation is a business entity , but not a company for not for profit. </span><span title="Badan usaha ini didirikan untuk sosial dan berbadan hukum.">This business entity established for the social and legal status .</span><span title="Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Badan Usaha">Strengths and Weaknesses of Business Entity</span><span title="1.">1 . </span><span title="perusahaan perseorangan">individual companies</span><span title="Kelebihan:">Pros :<br /><br /> </span><span title="Seluruh laba menjadi miliknya.">The entire profit be his . </span><span title="Bentuk perusahaan perseorangan memungkinkan pemilik menerima 100% laba yang dihasilkan perusahaan.">Form of individual companies allow owners to receive 100 % of profit generated company .<br /> </span><span title="Kepuasan Pribadi.">Personal Satisfaction . </span><span title="Prinsip satu pimpinan merupakan alasan yang baik untuk mengambil keputusan.">The principle of leadership is a good reason to take a decision .<br /> </span><span title="Kebebasan dan Fleksibilitas.">Freedom and Flexibility . </span><span title="Pemilik perusahaan perseorangan tidak perlu berkonsultasi dengan orang lain dalam mengambil keputusan.">Owners of private companies do not need to consult with others in making decisions .<br /> </span><span title="Sifat Kerahasiaan.">Confidentiality properties . </span><span title="Tidak perlu dibuat laporan keuangan atau informasi yang berhubungan dengan masalah keuangan perusahaan.">No need to be made of financial statements or information related to the company's financial problems . </span><span title="Dengan demikian masalah tersebut tidak dapat dimanfaatkan oleh pesaing.">Thus the problem can not be exploited by competitors .<br /><br /></span><span title="kelemahan:">weaknesses :<br /><br /> </span><span title="Tanggung jawab pemilik tidak terbatas.">Unlimited responsibility of the owner . </span><span title="Artinya seluruh kekayaan pribadinya termasuk sebagai jaminan terhadap seluruh utang perusahaan.">This means that all personal wealth as collateral , including to all the company's debts .<br /> </span><span title="Sumber keuangan terbatas.">Limited financial resources . </span><span title="Karena pemiliknya hanya satu orang, maka usaha-usaha yang dilakukan untuk memperoleh sumber dana hanya bergantung pada kemampuannya.">Because the owner is only one person , the efforts made to obtain the funding source depends only on ability .<br /> </span><span title="Kesulitan dalam manajemen.">Difficulties in management . </span><span title="Semua kegiatan seperti pembelian, penjualan, pembelanjaan, pengaturan karyawan dan sebagainya dipegang oleh seorang pimpinan.">All activities such as purchasing , sales , purchases , setting forth the employee and held by a leader . </span><span title="Ini lebih sulit apabila manajemen dipegang oleh beberapa orang.">It is more difficult when management held by some people .<br /> </span><span title="Kelangsungan usaha kurang terjamin.">Business continuity is not guaranteed . </span><span title="Kematian pimpinan atau pemilik, bangkrut, atau sebab-sebab lain dapat menyebabkan usaha ini berhenti kegiatannya.">The death of the leader or owner , bankruptcy , or other causes can lead this effort to stop its activities .<br /></span><span title="2.">2 . </span><span title="Badan Usaha Firma">Entity Firm</span><span title="Kelebihan">excess<br /><br /> </span><span title="Karena jumlah modalnya lebih besar dibandingkan dengan usaha perseorangan, badan usaha firma lebih mudah untuk memperluas usahanya.">Due to the amount of capital is greater than the individual, firm enterprises to expand their business easier .<br /> </span><span title="Kemampuan manajemen badan usaha firma lebih besar karena adanya permbagian kerja di antara para anggota.">The ability of enterprises management firm permbagian higher due to labor among the members . </span><span title="Semua keputusannya diambil bersama-sama.">All decisions are taken together .<br /> </span><span title="Badan usaha firma tidak memerlukan akte, jadi pendiriannya relatif lebih mudah.">Firm business entity does not require certificates , so it is relatively easy stance .<br /></span><span title="Kelemahan">weakness<br /><br /> </span><span title="Tanggung jawab pemilik tidak terbatas terhadap seluruh utang perusahaan.">The owner's responsibility is not limited to the company's entire debt .<br /> </span><span title="Apabila salah seorang anggota membatalkan perjanjian untuk menjalankan usaha bersama maka secara otomatis badan usaha firma menjadi bubar sehingga kelangsungan perusahaan tidak menentu.">If
a member cancels an agreement to run a joint venture entity will
automatically be dissolved firm that corporate sustainability is
uncertain .<br /> </span><span title="Jika salah satu anggota membuat kerugian, maka kerugian tersebut juga ditanggung oleh anggota yang lain.">If one member makes a loss , then the loss is also borne by the other members .<br /></span><span title="3.Persekutuan Komanditer (CV)">3.Persekutuan Commanditaire ( CV )</span><span title="Kelebihan">excess<br /><br /> </span><span title="Modal yang dikumpulkan lebih besar.">Greater capital collected .<br /> </span><span title="Anda lebih mudah menerima suntikan dana dikarenakan badan usaha persekutuan komanditer sudah cukup populer di Indonesia.">It easier to receive funds due to the limited partnership alliance enterprises is quite popular in Indonesia .<br /> </span><span title="Kemampuan manajemennya lebih besar.">Greater management capabilities .<br /> </span><span title="Pendiriannya relatif lebih mudah jika dibandingkan dengan perseroan terbatas (PT).">Establishment is relatively easy when compared to the limited liability company ( PT ) .<br /><br /><br /></span><span title="Kelemahan">weakness<br /><br /> </span><span title="Seperti yang telah saya terangkan diatas, sebagian anggota atau sekutu di persekutuan komanditer mempunyai tanggung jawab tidak terbatas.">As I have explained above , some of the members or allies in partnership limited partnership has unlimited liability .<br /> </span><span title="Kelangsungan hidupnya tidak menentu.">Survival is uncertain .<br /> </span><span title="Sulit untuk menarik kembali modal yang telah ditanam, terutama bagi sekutu pimpinan.">It's hard to pull back the capital that has been planted , especially for US-led coalition .<br /></span><span title="4.Perseroan Terbatas (PT)">4.Perseroan Limited ( PT )</span><span title="Kelebihan">excess<br /><br /> </span><span title="Tanggung jawab yang terbatas dari para pemegang saham terhadap utang-utang perusahaan.">Limited liability of the shareholders to the company 's debts . </span><span title="Maksudnya adalah jika anda termasuk pemegang saham dan kebetulan perusahaan punya utang, anda hanya bertanggung jawab sebesar modal yang anda setorkan.">The
point is that if you happen to include shareholders and the company has
a debt , you are only responsible for your deposited capital . </span><span title="Tidak lebih.">Nothing more .<br /> </span><span title="Kelangsungan perusahaan sebagai badan hukum lebih terjamin, sebab tidak tergantung pada beberapa pemilik.">Continuity of the company as a legal entity is more secure , because not dependent on some owners . </span><span title="Pemilik dapat berganti-ganti.">Owners can keep changing .<br /> </span><span title="Mudah untuk memindahkan hak milik dengan menjual saham kepada orang lain.">Easy to transfer ownership rights to sell shares to others .<br /> </span><span title="Mudah memperoleh tambahan modal untuk memperluas volume usahanya, misalnya dengan mengeluarkan saham baru.">Easy to obtain additional capital to expand its business volume , for example, by issuing new shares .<br /> </span><span title="Manajemen dan spesialisasinya memungkinkan pengelolaan sumber-sumber modal untuk itu secara efisien.">Management and specialization enables the management of capital resources to it efficiently . </span><span title="Jadi jika anda mempunyai manajer tidak cakap, anda bisa ganti dengan yang lebih cakap.">So if you have an incompetent manager , you can replace it with a more capable .<br /></span><span title="Kelemahan">weakness<br /><br /> </span><span title="PT merupakan subyek pajak tersendiri.">PT is the subject of a separate tax . </span><span title="Jadi tidak hanya perusahaan yang terkena pajak.">So not only is the company that is taxable . </span><span title="Dividen atau laba bersih yang dibagikan kepada para pemegang saham dikenakan pajak lagi sebagai pajak pendapatan.">Dividends or net profits are distributed to shareholders taxed again as income tax . </span><span title="Tentunya dari pemegang saham yang bersangkutan.">Surely the shareholders concerned .<br /> </span><span title="Jika anda akan mendirikan perseroan terbatas, pendiriannya jauh lebih sulit dari bentuk kepemilikan usaha lainnya.">If
you will set up a limited liability company , its establishment is much
more difficult than other forms of business ownership . </span><span title="Dalam pendiriannya, PT memerlukan akte notaris dan ijin khusus untuk usaha tertentu.">In its inception , the notary deed and PT require special permits for certain businesses .<br /> </span><span title="Biaya pembentukannya relatif tinggi.">Formation costs are relatively high .<br /> </span><span title="Bagi sebagian besar orang, PT dianggap kurang “secret” dalam hal dapur perusahaan.">For most people , the PT is considered less " secret" in the company kitchen . </span><span title="Hal ini disebabkan karena segala aktivitas perusahaan harus dilaporkan kepada pemegang saham.">This is because all the activities of the company must be reported to shareholders . </span><span title="Apalagi yang menyangkut laba perusahaan.">Moreover, concerning the company's profit .<br /></span><span title="5.Perseroan Terbatas Negara (Persero)">5.Perseroan Limited (Persero )</span><span title="Kelebihannya">The surplus</span><span title="adalah mencari keuntungan dan yang kedua memberi pelayanan kepada umum.">is for profit and the second providing service to the public . </span><span title="Modal pendiriannya berasal sebagian atau seluruhnya dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan berupa saham–saham.">Founding capital is derived partly or wholly separated from the country's wealth in the form of shares .<br /><br /></span><span title="Kekurangannya">The drawback</span><span title="adalah Tidak memperoleh fasilitas Negara dan Pegawainya berstatus sebagai pegawai swasta">is not obtained State and The employees status as private employees<br /></span><span title="6.Perusahaan Daerah (PD)">Regional 6.Perusahaan ( PD )</span><span title="Kelebihannya">The surplus</span><span title="adalah keuntungan perusahaan untuk pembangunan daerah dan kekayaan perusahaan dipisahkan dari kekayaan negara">is the company's profits and wealth for local development company separated from the country's wealth</span><span title="Kekurangannya">The drawback</span><span title="adalah Pengelolaan BUMD sangat ditentukan oleh kemampuan keuangan daerah.">Management of public enterprises is largely determined by the ability of local finance . </span><span title="Sejumlah besar aturan (birokrasi) dapat menghambat pengembangan BUMD.">A large number of rules ( bureaucracy ) can inhibit the development of enterprises . </span><span title="Pengelolaan BUMN secara ekonomis sulit untuk dipertanggungjawabkan.">SOE management is economically difficult to be accounted for .<br /></span><span title="7.Perusahaan Negara Umum (Perum)">State 7.Perusahaan General ( Housing )</span><span title="Kelebihannya">The surplus</span><span title="¯ Seluruh keuntungan perum menjadi keuntungan Negara.">¯ All profits perum State an advantage .</span><span title="¯ Menyediakan jasa-jasa bagi masyarakat.">¯ Provide services for the community .</span><span title="¯ Merupakan sarana untuk melaksanakan pembangunan.">¯ is the means to carry out the construction .<br /></span><span title="Kekurangannya">The drawback</span><span title="v Perum juga memiliki Kekurangan-Kekurangan adalah :">Housing also has a v - Disadvantages Disadvantages are :</span><span title="¯ Pengelolaan perum sangat ditentukan oleh kemampuan keuangan Negara.">¯ Management Public Corporation is largely determined by the financial capacity of the State .</span><span title="¯ Sejumlah besar aturan (birokrasi) dapat menghambat pengembangan perum.">¯ A large number of rules ( bureaucracy ) can inhibit the development of the Public Corporation .</span><span title="¯ Pengelolaan perum secara ekonomis sulit untuk dipertanggungjawabkan.">¯ Management Public Corporation is economically difficult to be accounted for .<br /></span><span title="8.Perusahaan Negara Jawatan (perjan)">8.Perusahaan State Bureau ( covenants )</span><span title="kelebihan">excess</span><span title="perjan ialah modalnya terjamin yaitu dari negara.">covenants are assured that of the state capital . </span><span title="Tidak mencari keuntungan (profit) karena mengutamakan pelayanan pada masyarakat, sehingga perjan tidak terpengaruh oleh laba.">Not for profit ( profit ) for prioritizing service to the community , so that the covenants are not affected by earnings .</span><span title="Kekurangannya,">The drawback ,</span><span title="adalah sebagai suatu perusahaan kurang mandiri termasuk dalam pengembangannya.">are less independent as a company included in its development .<br /></span><span title="9.Koperasi">9.Koperasi</span><span title="kelebihan">excess<br /><br /> </span><span title="Prinsip pengelolaan bertujuan memupuk laba untuk kepentingan anggota.">Earnings management principle aims to foster the interests of members . </span><span title="Misalnya koperasi pertanian mendirikan pabik pengilingan padi.">For example, agricultural cooperatives set up pabik rice milling .<br /> </span><span title="Anggota koperasi berperan sebagai konsumen dan produsen.">Members of the cooperative role as consumers and producers .<br /> </span><span title="Dasar sukarela, orang terhimpun dalam koperasi atau masuk menjadi anggota dengan dasar sukarela.">Voluntary basis , people gathered in cooperatives or log in with a volunteer basis .<br /> </span><span title="Mengutamakan kepentingan Anggota.">Prioritize the interests of Members .<br /></span><span title="Kekurangan">shortage<br /><br /> </span><span title="Keterbatasan dibidang permodalan.">Limitations in the field of capital .<br /> </span><span title="Daya saing lemah.">Weak competitiveness .<br /> </span><span title="Rendahnya kesaran berkoperasi pada anggota.">The low kesaran the member cooperatives .<br /> </span><span title="Kemampuan tenaga professional dalam pengelolaan koperasi.">Ability professionals in the management of the cooperative .<br /></span><span title="10.Yayasan">10.Yayasan</span><span title="Kelebihannya">The surplus</span><span title="adalah membantu masyarakat sosial dengan tidak mencari keuntungan">is helping people with non-profit social</span><span title="Kekurangannya">The drawback</span><span title="adalah terbatasnya dana- dana yang di perlukan">is the limited funds that need<br /></span><span title="perbedaan koperasi dan badan usaha lainnya">difference cooperatives and other business entities</span><span title="Dimensi">dimension<br /></span><span title="Perorangan">individual<br /></span><span title="Firma">firm<br /></span><span title="PT">PT<br /></span><span title="Koperasi">cooperative</span><span title="Pengguna">users</span><span title="Jasa">service<br /></span><span title="bukan pemilik">not owner<br /></span><span title="Umumnya">generally</span><span title="bukan pemilik">not owner<br /></span><span title="umumnya">generally</span><span title="bukan pemilik">not owner<br /></span><span title="Umum / Anggota">General / Members</span><span title="Pemilik Usaha">Business Owners<br /></span><span title="Individu">individual<br /></span><span title="sekutu usaha">allied effort<br /></span><span title="pemegang">holder</span><span title="saham">stock<br /></span><span title="anggota">member</span><span title="Yang punya">who had</span><span title="hak suara">voting rights<br /></span><span title="tidak perlu">no need<br /></span><span title="para sekutu">allies<br /></span><span title="pemegang">holder</span><span title="saham">stock<br /></span><span title="anggota">member</span><span title="Pelaksanaan">implementation</span><span title="Voting">Vote<br /></span><span title="tidak perlu">no need<br /></span><span title="biasanya menurut">usually by</span><span title="besarnya modal">the amount of capital</span><span title="Penyertaan">inclusion<br /></span><span title="menurut besarnya">according to size</span><span title="saham yang dimiliki">shares held</span><span title="melalui RUPS">through GMS<br /></span><span title="satu anggota satu suara dan">one member one vote and</span><span title="Tidak boleh diwakilkan">Not to be represented</span><span title="Penentuan">determination</span><span title="Kebijaksanaan">wisdom<br /></span><span title="orang yang">people</span><span title="bersangkutan">relevant<br /></span><span title="para sekutu">allies<br /></span><span title="direksi">management<br /></span><span title="pengurus">management</span><span title="Balas Jasa">fringe benefits</span><span title="Terhadap modal">to capital<br /></span><span title="tidak terbatas">not limited<br /></span><span title="tidak terbatas">not limited<br /></span><span title="tidak terbatas">not limited<br /></span><span title="terbatas">limited</span><span title="Penerima">receiver</span><span title="Keuntungan">profit<br /></span><span title="orang ybs">the person gets<br /></span><span title="para sekutu">allies</span><span title="secara proporsional">proportionally<br /></span><span title="pemegang saham">shareholder</span><span title="secara proporsional">proportionally<br /></span><span title="anggota sesuai">corresponding member</span><span title="jasa/ partisipasi">services / participation</span></span></div>
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rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-40399521267959018332013-11-30T20:41:00.000-08:002013-11-30T20:41:20.620-08:00TEKHNIK VERTIKULTUR<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="TEKHNIK VERTIKULTUR"></span><span title="Sistem pertanian vertikultur adalah sistem budidaya pertanian yang dilakukan secara vertikal atau bertingkat.">Vertikultur farming system is a system of agricultural cultivation is done vertically or terraced . </span><span title="Sistem ini cocok diterapkan di lahan-lahan sempit atau di pemukiman yang padat penduduknya.">This system is suitable to be applied in narrow lands or in densely populated settlements .</span><span title="Kelebihan dari sistem pertanian vertikultur adalah : 1) efisiensi penggunaan lahan karena yang ditanam jumlahnya lebih banyak dibandingkan sistem konvensional, (2) penghematan pemakaian pupuk dan pestisida, (3) kemungkinan tumbuhnya rumput dan gulma lebih kecil, (4) dapat dipindahkan dengan mudah karena">The
advantages of farming systems vertikultur are : 1 ) the efficiency of
land use since grown much larger volume than conventional systems , ( 2 )
efficient use of fertilizers and pesticides , ( 3 ) the possible growth
of grass and weeds are smaller , ( 4 ) can be moved easily because </span><span title="tanaman diletakkan dalam wadah tertentu, (5) mempermudah monitoring/pemeliharaan tanaman.">plants were placed in a particular container , ( 5 ) facilitate monitoring / maintenance of plants .</span><span title="Jenis tanaman yang dapat ditanam secara vertikultur ini sangat banyak, biasanya dari komoditas sayuran, tanaman hias ataupun komoditas tanaman obat.">Types
of plants that can be grown this vertikultur very much , usually from
commodity vegetables, ornamental plants or medicinal crops . </span><span title="Dari komoditas sayuran antara lain : sawi, kucai, pakcoi, kangkung, bayam, kemangi, caisim, seledri, selada bokor dan bawang daun.">Of
vegetable commodities include: mustard , chives , pakcoi , kale ,
spinach , basil , caisim , celery , lettuce and onion leaf bowl . </span><span title="Budidaya tanaman sayuran secara vertikultur ini dapat dilakukan di pekarangan rumah untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan dan gizi keluarga dan juga meminimalisirkan pengeluaran keluarga.">Vertikultur
vegetable cultivation can be carried out in the yard to meet the food
and nutrition needs of the family and also meminimalisirkan family
expenses .</span><span title="Model budidaya secara vertikultur dapat berupa : Model gantung, Model tempel, Model Tegak dan Model Rak.">Vertikultur cultivation models can be: Hanging Model , Model paste , Model Upright and Rack Model . </span><span title="Berikut adalah model budidaya tanaman sayuran secara vertikultur sederhana model rak :">Here is a model of vegetable crops in vertikultur simple shelf models :</span><span title="Cara merakit pot dari talang air.">How to assemble a pot of guttering .</span><span title="Siapkan wadah tanaman berupa talang air segi empat sepanjang 150 (seratus lima puluh) cm sebanyak 3 (tiga) buah.">Prepare a container plant rectangular guttering along the 150 ( one hundred fifty ) cm 3 (three ) pieces . </span><span title="Lubangi bagian bawahnya dan tutup bagian kedua sisinya.">Punch a hole through the bottom and cover the both sides .</span><span title="Untuk rak, siapkan reng kayu dengan panjang 1(satu) meter sebanyak 5 (lima) batang.">For shelves , prepare the wood lath with a length of 1 ( one ) meter by 5 ( five ) rods . </span><span title="Kayu bulat sebanyak 3 (tiga) batang ukuran 1 (satu ) m.">Logs for three (3 ) rod size 1 ( one ) m . </span><span title="Reng kayu ukuran 60 cm sejumlah 2 (dua) batang, ukuran 45 cm sejumlah 2 (dua) batang dan 30 cm sejumlah 2 (dua) batang.">Wood lath size of 60 cm in a 2 ( two ) rods , size 45 cm number two (2 ) rods and 30 cm in number two (2 ) rods . </span><span title="Rangkailah kayu tersebut seperti gambar dibawah ini.">Rangkailah the timber as shown below .</span><span title="Letakan talang air di rak kayu, dan isi pot talang air tersebut dengan media tanam.">Put the timber on the shelf guttering , downpipes and fill the pot with planting medium .</span><span title="Media Tanam :">Planting media :</span><span title="1.">1 . </span><span title="Media tanam berupa campuran pupuk kandang dan tanah dengan perbandingan volume 1:1">Media planting a mixture of manure and soil with a volume ratio of 1:1</span><span title="2.">2 . </span><span title="Masukan media tanam ke dalam talang air yang telah disiapkan.">Put into a planting medium that has been prepared guttering .</span><span title="Persemaian dan Penanaman :">Nursery and Planting :</span><span title="1.">1 . </span><span title="Untuk tanaman kangkung dan bayam benih bisa langsung ditanam dalam media tanam talang air tersebut.">For kale and spinach seed crops can be planted directly in the planting medium guttering . </span><span title="Untuk tanaman cabai, terong, paprika, sawi benih harus disemaikan terlebih dahulu.">For pepper , eggplant , peppers , mustard seeds should be sown first. </span><span title="Namun karena talang air berukuran kecil, jenis tanaman apa yang akan ditanam harus menjadi perhatian.">However, due to the small size of guttering , what plants are to be planted should be of concern . </span><span title="Tanaman yang bisa ditanam biasanya tanaman daun antara lain bayam, kangkung dan sawi.">Plants that can be grown leaf plants usually include spinach , kale and collards .</span><span title="2.">2 . </span><span title="Cara persemaiannya adalah benih direndam dalam air hangat (± 50ºC) selama 1 (satu) jam.">How persemaiannya are seeds soaked in warm water ( ± 50 º C ) for 1 ( one ) hour . </span><span title="Semaikan benih-benih tersebut ke dalam media tanam berupa bak plastik atau tray, setelah tanaman mempunyai daun antara 4-5 helai, bibit bisa dipindahkan langsung ke dalam talang air tersebut.">Seeding
the seeds into the planting medium plastic tubs or trays , after the
plants have 4-5 leaves between strands , the seedlings can be
transferred directly into the gutter .</span><span title="3.">3 . </span><span title="Pemindahan bibit ke media talang air tersebut harus sangat hati-hati, usahakan tanah masih menempel pada akar tanaman.">Transplanting into the gutter media must be very careful , keep the soil still attached to the plant roots . </span><span title="Lakukan penanaman pada sore hari atau pada pagi hari dengan membenamkan tanaman sampai batas leher akar.">Perform planting in the afternoon or in the morning by immersing the roots of plants to limit neck .</span><span title="Pemeliharaan :">maintenance :</span><span title="1.">1 . </span><span title="Penyiraman dilakukan sebanyak 2 (dua) kali sehari yaitu pada pagi dan sore hari">Watering is done by 2 ( two ) times a day ie morning and afternoon</span><span title="2.">2 . </span><span title="Penyulaman dilakukan bila ada tanaman yang mati">Stitching is done when there is a dead plant</span><span title="3.">3 . </span><span title="Pemupukan dapat dilakukan dengan 2 cara yaitu :">Fertilization can be done in 2 ways :</span><span title="a.">a. </span><span title="Dengan mengunakan pupuk cair (NPK) lengkap sebanyak 1 (satu) gram dicairkan dalam 1 (satu) liter air lalu disemprotkan ke daun tanaman sebanyak 100-250 cc pertanaman atau tergantung umur tanaman dengan interval 1-2 minggu sekali.">By
using a liquid fertilizer ( NPK ) complete as much as one (1) gram of
thawed within 1 ( one ) liter of water and sprayed onto the leaves of
the plant as much as 100-250 cc depending on the age of the crops or
plants at intervals of 1-2 weeks.</span><span title="b.">b . </span><span title="Dengan menggunakan NPK yang disiramkan pada media tanam bukan pada tanamannya.">By using NPK were sprayed on the plants instead of growing media . </span><span title="Dosis pupuk yang dianjurkan untuk fase pertumbuhan adalah 2 sendok makan NPK/10 liter air (1 ember) atau campuran urea + SP36 + KCl dengan perbandingan 2:1:1.">The
recommended dose of fertilizer for the growth phase is 2 tablespoons
NPK/10 liters of water ( 1 bucket ) or a mixture of urea + SP36 + KCl in
the ratio 2:1:1 .</span><span title="4.">4 . </span><span title="Pengendalian hama penyakit sebaiknya dilakukan secara konvensional/mekanik dengan cara mencabut atau menggunting tanaman yang terserang hama penyakit .">Pest control should be done in the conventional / mechanically by pulling or cutting plant pests disease . </span><span title="Hindari pemakaian pestisida dan bila terpaksa gunakan pestisida yang selektif dan secara bijaksana.">Avoid the use of pesticides and when forced to use pesticides selectively and wisely.</span></span></span></div>
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rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-56792053767767942282013-11-30T20:35:00.000-08:002013-11-30T20:35:23.372-08:00FEATURES botanical ONION shallots<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Bawang merah"></span><span title="Pengelasan saintifik"><b>welding scientific</b></span><span title="Kingdom:"> </span></span></div>
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<span class="" id="result_box" lang="en"><span title="Kingdom:">Kingdom:</span><span title="Plantae"> Plantae</span><span title="Division:">Division:</span><span title="Magnoliophyta"> Magnoliophyta</span><span title="Class:">Class :</span><span title="Liliopsida"> Liliopsida</span><span title="Order:">order :</span><span title="Asparagales"> Asparagales</span><span title="Family:">Family :</span><span title="Alliaceae"> Alliaceae</span><span title="Genus:">genus :</span><span title="Allium"> Allium</span><span title="Species:">species :</span><span title="A."> A. </span><span title="cepa">cepa</span><span title="Nama binomial">binomial name</span><span title="Allium cepa var.">Allium cepa var . </span><span title="aggregatum">aggregatum<br /></span><span title="Bawang merah dikelaskan dalam keluarga Alliaceae dalam order Asparagales.">Red onion family Alliaceae classed in the order Asparagales . </span><span title="Nama saintifik adalah Allium cepa var.">Scientific name is Allium cepa var . </span><span title="aggregatum.">aggregatum . </span><span title="Bawang merah lebih kecil serta lebih manis rasanya berbanding bawang besar.">Shallots are smaller and sweeter taste versus large onions . </span><span title="Bawang merah merupakan tanaman semusim.">Shallots are seasonal crops . </span><span title="Ia memiliki umbi yang berlapis (bulb), berakar serabut, dan daun berbentuk silinder berongga.">It has a layered bulbs ( bulbs ) , fibrous roots , and leaves a hollow cylindrical shape . </span><span title="Umbinya terbentuk daripada pangkal daun yang bersatu dan membentuk batang yang kemudian berubah bentuk dan fungsinya yang seakan-akan umbi berlapis.">Tubers
are formed rather than the base of the leaf stems that come together
and form then changes shape and function as if the bulbs plated . </span><span title="Jadi, umbi bawang merah bukanlan ubi sebenarnya seperti ubi kentang ataupun ubi keledek.">So , onion bulbs bukanlan actually like potato potato potato or yam keledek . </span><span title="Ia terbentuk dari lapisan-lapisan daun yang membesar dan kemudiannya bersatu.">He formed of layers of leaves later enlarged and united .</span><span title="Rasa bawang merah adalah sedikit pedas dan berangin.">Onion flavor is slightly spicy and windy .</span><span title="Isi kandungan">The contents of the womb</span><span title="Sejarah">history</span><span title="Ciri botani">botanical traits<br /></span><span title="Potongan tegak bawang merah.">Pieces of onion upright .</span><span title="Herba kecil setinggi 30-45 cm.">Small herb 30-45 cm tall . </span><span title="Akar serabut.">Root fibers . </span><span title="Daun tunggal, susunan berpilin, panjang dengan hujung meruncing, tengah daun berlubang, berwarna hijau muda, permukaan berkulat, mempunyai aroma yang kuat.">Single
leaf , spiral arrangement , with long tapered hujung , middle hollow
leaves , light green , berkulat surface , has a strong fragrance . </span><span title="Bunga majmuk, putih, terdapat dalam jambak bunga di atas tangkai bunga yang panjang, tumbuh di hujung daun.">Majmuk flowers , white , contained in a bunch of flowers on long flower stalks , leaves grow in hujung . </span><span title="Buah atau biji-biji kecil.">Fruit or small seeds . </span><span title="Bebawang adalah daun (daun terubah suai) berisi yang berlapis-lapis, diameter kurang dari 3 cm.">Bebawang leaves ( custom modified leaves ) contains a multi-layered , less than 3 cm in diameter .</span><span title="Penanaman">cultivation</span><span title="Bawang merah boleh ditanam pada tempat beriklim panas seperti iklim tropika dan subtropika.">Shallots should be planted in hot climates such as tropical and subtropical climates . </span><span title="Tanah yang sesuai untuk bawang merah adalah tanah yang tak menakung air.">Land suitable for onion is not menakung ground water . </span><span title="Bawang boleh ditanam melalui biji benih dan juga bebawang.">Onions may be grown by seeds and also bebawang . </span><span title="Bawang merah memerlukan siraman air hanya dua kali sehari, iaitu di waktu pagi sekali dan petang kemudiannya.">Shallots require water spray only twice a day , namely in the morning and evening time later . </span><span title="Penggunaan kompos untuk awal penanaman adalah amat digalakkan.">The use of compost for very early planting is encouraged . </span><span title="Pembajaan boleh dilakukan dengan menggunakan baja NPK Hijau (15:15:15).">Pembajaan be done using steel Green NPK ( 15:15:15 ) .</span><span title="Terdapat 3 jenis bawang yang sesuai ditanam di Malaysia iaitu varieti dari Siam, Indonesia dan India.">There are 3 types of onions are planted in Malaysia namely corresponding varieti of Siam , Indonesia and India . </span><span title="Bawang jenis dari China kurang sesuai ditanam di Malaysia kerana iklim yabg berbeza dan harganya pun mahal.">China types of onions grown in Malaysia is less appropriate yabg you indulge differing climate and the price is expensive . </span><span title="Tanah yang sesuai untuk bawang merah mestilah mempunyai saliran yang baik dengan pH 6.0 - 7.0 dan tidak boleh di tenggelami air.">Land suitable for onions must necessarily have a good drains with pH 6.0 - 7.0 and should not be in tenggelami water . </span><span title="Penanaman bawang mesti dibuat di atas batas berukuran 4-10 inci (12-30 cm) tinggi dan lebar 36-48 inci (1.1-1.4 m) lebar serta panjang ikut kesesuaian.">Planting
onions should be made on the size limit of 4-10 inches ( 12-30 cm )
tall and 36-48 inches wide ( 1.1-1.4 m ) wide and the length of follow
conformity . </span><span title="Dibubuh baja asas organik dan sebaiknya sungkupan jerami padi kering digunakan.">Reapplied steel and preferably organic principles sungkupan dried rice straw used . </span><span title="Tanpa sungkupan, benih yang baru ditanam akan rosak akibat hujan dan hakisan terutama tanah bris di Mersing.">Without sungkupan , newly planted seeds will rosak hakisan mainly due to precipitation and soil bris in Mersing .</span><span title="Benih bebawang segar di pasaran digunakan (jenis India dan Indonesia) dengan sebakul buluh (lingkungan 8-10 kg).">Bebawang seeds used fresh on the market ( type of Indian and Indonesian ) with a basket of reeds ( 8-10 environment kg ) . </span><span title="Asingkan umbisi bawang dari rumpun dan potong bahagian atas sedikit untuk mempercepatkaan pertumbuhan semasa penanaman.">Exiled umbisi onions and cut a portion of the clump up a bit to mempercepatkaan growth during planting . </span><span title="Kalau tidak dipotong bahagian atas lewat pertumbuhan antara 3-5 hari.">If it does not cut through the upper portion of growth between 3-5 days . </span><span title="Keperluan benih antara 1,200 -1,500 kg/ ha.">Seed requirements between -1.500 1.200 kg / ha . </span><span title="Biji bawang di celup dalam racun cendawan dan racun kulat sebelum ditanam dengan jarak 13 cm x 13 cm (5 inci x 5 inci) dengan 2/3 dalam tanah.">Onion
seeds in the bag in a toxic fungus and toadstool poison before being
planted at a distance of 13 cm x 13 cm ( 5 inches x 5 inches ) with 2/3
in the soil . </span><span title="Penyiraman dijalankan sekali sehari dan jangan biarkan terlalu basah atau terendam sebab bawang akan reput.">Watering is run once a day and do not let too wet or submerged because the onions will be rotten .</span><span title="Penuaian">reaping</span><span title="Penuaian boleh dilakukan apabila semua daun bawang merah telah rebah iaitu sekitar 6 hingga 8 minggu selepas penanaman.">Harvesting should be done when all the leaves have fallen namely onions about 6 to 8 weeks after planting . </span><span title="Tuaian hendaklah dilakukan ketika cuaca kering agar bawang boleh disimpan lama.">Let the harvest is done when the weather is dry so that the onions be stored longer . </span><span title="Penuaian perlu dielakkan selepas hujan kerana bawang akan mudah diserang fungus jika basah ketika dituai.">Harvesting the rain after his deep need to be circumvented onions will be vulnerable if the fungus wet when harvested . </span><span title="Cara menuai bawang adalah dengan mencabut ia dari atas tanah dan kemudian dijemur sehingga semua daun atas kering.">How to reap the onion is to unplug it from the ground and then dried so all over the dry leaves .</span><span title="Pokok bawang matang dan boleh dituai selepas 75 - 90 hari ditanam iaitu apabila daun bawang telah mulai kering dan rebah.">Principal onions mature and be harvested after 75-90 days namely when planted leeks have started to dry and fall . </span><span title="Rumpun bawang yang dituai diikat dan dikeringkan dibawah sistem pengudaraan yang baik.">Clumps were harvested onions tied and dried under good aeration system . </span><span title="Bawang ini tahan disimpan dan boleh digunakan semula untuk dijadikan benih tanaman dan sebahagian boleh dijual.">The onions can be retained and may be used initially to be used as seed plants and sebahagian be sold . </span><span title="Kajian di Malaysia mendapati sebiji bawang akan membiak sebanyak antara 15 - 25 biji bebawang serumpun walaupun kajian mendapati di India mencapai 40 -60 biji/rumpun.">Studies
in Malaysia have a kernel of onions will flourish as between 15-25
beans though cognate bebawang studies in India have reached 40 -60 seeds
/ clump .</span><span title="Penyakit">disease</span><span title="Perosak">Perosak</span><span title="Serangan ulat ratus (Spodoptera litura) ada tetapi kurang serius.">Attacks hundred caterpillars ( Spodoptera litura ) but no less serious . </span><span title="Penyakit utama bawang ialah hawar daun atau tompok dan kawalan dengan Mancozeb boleh dijalankan.">Disease is a major onion leaf blight or tompok and escort with Mancozeb be executed . </span><span title="Penyakit lain ialah reput bawang akibat terendam atau serangan kulat.">Other diseases are due to submerged rotten onions or toadstool attack . </span><span title="Serangan penyakit tompok ungu (Altenaria porri) boleh dikawal dengan racun kulat.">Purple tompok disease ( Altenaria porri ) be escorted by poison toadstool . </span><span title="Penyakit pucuk putih (White tips) boleh menyebabkan daun jadi kering dan hasil sangat kurang.">Disease shoots white ( White tips ) may cause the leaves so dry and the results are very less .</span><span title="Khasiat">property</span><span title="Bawang merah mengandungi vitamin C, potassium, serat dan asid folik.">Red onion contains vitamin C , potassium , fiber and folic acids . </span><span title="Ia juga mengandungi kalsium, zat besi dan protein yang tinggi.[perlu rujukan]">It also contains calcium , iron and protein. [ Need citation needed ]</span><span title="Beberapa penyelidikan telah dijalankan tentang khasiat bawang merah terhadap kesihatan manusia.">Several investigations have been carried out on the efficacy of red onions on human kesihatan . </span><span title="Dari hasil penyelidikan tersebut, mereka mendapati bahawa bawang merah mengandungi 2 sebatian utama.">From the results of the investigation , they found bahawa shallots contains two main Sebatian . </span><span title="Sebatian pertama ialah sulfur seperti allyl propyl disulphida (APDS) dan sebatian kedua pula ialah flavonoids seperti quercetin.">Sebatian first is as allyl propyl sulfur disulphida ( APDS ) and flavonoids are also Sebatian both as quercetin . </span><span title="Flavonoid dipercayai mengurangkan risiko kanser, penyakit jantung dan kencing manis kerana ia mempunyai unsur-unsur anti-kanser, anti-bakteria, anti-viral, anti-allergenic dan anti-inflammatory.">Flavonoids
are believed to reduce the risk of kanser , heart disease and diabetes
you indulge it has elements of the anti - kanser , anti - bacterial ,
anti - viral , anti - allergenic and anti - inflammatory . </span><span title="Dari penyelidikan terkini, bawang merah di dapati effektif terhadap sel kanser hati.">Of the current investigation , onion dapati kanser effective against liver cells . </span><span title="Bawang merah didapati mengandungi 6 kali ganda kandungan phenolic berbanding bawang biasa (bawang besar).">Shallots found contains 6 times the phenolic content of double versus regular onions ( big onions ) . </span><span title="Bawang merah boleh menolong hati membuang toksin dari badan dan ia mempunyai saponins untuk menghindar dan membunuh sel kanser.">Shallots may help the liver remove toxins from the body and he has to escape and kill saponins kanser cells .</span><span title="Bawang merah juga didapati boleh menghindarkan kanser perut.">Shallots are also found to be kanser avoid stomach . </span><span title="Ia mengeluarkan anti-coagulant yang boleh mencairkan darah dan seterusnya meningkatkan tahap tinggi aktiviti anti-platelet yang baik untuk pesakit symptomatic antherosclerotic, kardiovaskular, serangan jantung dan strok.">He
took an anti -coagulant that may dilute the blood and so increases the
high stage anti - platelet aktiviti good for symptomatic pesakit
antherosclerotic , cardiovascular disease , heart attack and stroke . </span><span title="Ia juga membantu meningkatkan fungsi otak seterusnya mengurangkan risiko penyakit Alzheimer's.">It also helps improve brain function so reduce the risk of Alzheimer 's disease . </span><span title="Bawang merah juga boleh mengurangkan tahap gula bagi mereka yang menpunyai kencing manis dengan menghadkan keberkesanan insulin dan meninggikan metabolisma glukosa.">Shallots
also be stage deduct sugar for those with diabetes should be entitled
menghadkan keberkesanan elevate insulin and glucose metabolism .</span><span title="Memakan bawang merah setiap hari boleh membantu penumbuhan tisu tulang dan mengurangkan risiko osteoporosis sehingga 20%.">Eating onions every day may help the growth of bone tissue and reduce the risk of osteoporosis so that 20 % . </span><span title="Ia mengandungi Prostaglandin A-1, agen yang kuat untuk mengurangkan tekanan darah (blood pressure).">He contains Prostaglandin A - 1 , a powerful agent to reduce blood pressure ( blood pressure) . </span><span title="Kandungan sulfurnya juga boleh membantu kulit kelihatan muda.">Sulfur content may also help the skin look younger .</span></span></div>
</div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-48035461288937166202013-06-18T18:46:00.000-07:002013-06-18T18:46:38.381-07:00CIRI BOTANI BAWANG MERAH<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bawang merah</span></b></div>
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<td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Shallots_-_sliced_and_whole.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><br /></span></span></a><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengelasan_biologi" title="Pengelasan biologi"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelasan saintifik</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kingdom:</span></div>
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<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantae" title="Plantae"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plantae</span></a><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Division:</span></div>
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<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperma" title="Angiosperma"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Magnoliophyta</span></a><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Class:</span></div>
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<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monokotiledon" title="Monokotiledon"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Liliopsida</span></a><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Order:</span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
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<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asparagales&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Asparagales (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asparagales</span></a><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Family:</span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
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<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alliaceae (tidak wujud)"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alliaceae</span></a><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Genus:</span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allium&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Allium (tidak wujud)"><i><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Allium</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Species:</span></div>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. cepa</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: lightgreen; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatanama_binomial" title="Tatanama binomial"><b><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nama binomial</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
</td>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td colspan="2" style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Allium cepa</span></i></b><b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
var. <i>aggregatum</i></span></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bawang merah</span></b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dikelaskan dalam </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famili_%28biologi%29" title="Famili (biologi)"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">keluarga</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alliaceae&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alliaceae (tidak wujud)"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alliaceae</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order" title="Order"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">order</span></a><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asparagales&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Asparagales (tidak wujud)"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asparagales</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Nama saintifik adalah <i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>aggregatum</i>.
Bawang merah lebih kecil serta lebih manis rasanya berbanding bawang besar.
Bawang merah merupakan tanaman semusim. Ia memiliki umbi yang berlapis (bulb),
berakar serabut, dan daun berbentuk silinder berongga. Umbinya terbentuk
daripada pangkal daun yang bersatu dan membentuk batang yang kemudian berubah
bentuk dan fungsinya yang seakan-akan umbi berlapis. Jadi, umbi bawang merah
bukanlan ubi sebenarnya seperti ubi kentang ataupun ubi keledek. Ia terbentuk
dari lapisan-lapisan daun yang membesar dan kemudiannya bersatu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rasa bawang merah
adalah sedikit pedas dan berangin.</span></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Isi
kandungan</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sejarah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciri botani</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail:Red_onion_cut.jpg"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><br /></span></span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Potongan tegak
bawang merah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Herba kecil
setinggi 30-45 cm. Akar serabut. Daun tunggal, susunan berpilin, panjang dengan
hujung meruncing, tengah daun berlubang, berwarna hijau muda, permukaan
berkulat, mempunyai aroma yang kuat. Bunga majmuk, putih, terdapat dalam jambak
bunga di atas tangkai bunga yang panjang, tumbuh di hujung daun. Buah atau
biji-biji kecil. </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebawang" title="Bebawang"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bebawang</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah daun (daun terubah suai) berisi yang
berlapis-lapis, diameter kurang dari 3 cm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penanaman</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bawang merah boleh
ditanam pada tempat beriklim panas seperti iklim tropika dan subtropika. Tanah
yang sesuai untuk bawang merah adalah tanah yang tak menakung air. Bawang boleh
ditanam melalui biji benih dan juga bebawang. Bawang merah memerlukan siraman
air hanya dua kali sehari, iaitu di waktu pagi sekali dan petang kemudiannya.
Penggunaan kompos untuk awal penanaman adalah amat digalakkan. Pembajaan boleh
dilakukan dengan menggunakan baja NPK Hijau (15:15:15).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat 3 jenis
bawang yang sesuai ditanam di Malaysia iaitu varieti dari </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam" title="Siam"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siam</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indonesia</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">India</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Bawang jenis dari </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/China" title="China"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">China</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kurang sesuai ditanam di Malaysia
kerana iklim yabg berbeza dan harganya pun mahal. </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanah</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang sesuai untuk bawang merah
mestilah mempunyai saliran yang baik dengan </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH" title="PH"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pH</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 6.0 - 7.0 dan tidak boleh di tenggelami air. Penanaman
bawang mesti dibuat di atas batas berukuran 4-10 inci (12-30 cm) tinggi dan
lebar 36-48 inci (1.1-1.4 m) lebar serta panjang ikut kesesuaian. Dibubuh baja
asas organik dan sebaiknya sungkupan jerami padi kering digunakan. Tanpa
sungkupan, benih yang baru ditanam akan rosak akibat hujan dan hakisan terutama
</span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanah_bris&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tanah bris (tidak wujud)"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tanah
bris</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> di </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersing" title="Mersing"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mersing</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Benih bebawang
segar di pasaran digunakan (jenis India dan Indonesia) dengan sebakul buluh
(lingkungan 8-10 kg). Asingkan umbisi bawang dari rumpun dan potong bahagian
atas sedikit untuk mempercepatkaan pertumbuhan semasa penanaman. Kalau tidak
dipotong bahagian atas lewat pertumbuhan antara 3-5 hari. Keperluan benih
antara 1,200 -1,500 kg/ ha. Biji bawang di celup dalam </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racun" title="Racun"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">racun</span></a><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cendawan" title="Cendawan"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cendawan</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan racun </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulat" title="Kulat"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kulat</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sebelum ditanam dengan jarak 13 cm x
13 cm (5 inci x 5 inci) dengan 2/3 dalam tanah. Penyiraman dijalankan sekali
sehari dan jangan biarkan terlalu basah atau terendam sebab bawang akan reput.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penuaian</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penuaian boleh
dilakukan apabila semua daun bawang merah telah rebah iaitu sekitar 6 hingga 8
minggu selepas penanaman. Tuaian hendaklah dilakukan ketika cuaca kering agar
bawang boleh disimpan lama. Penuaian perlu dielakkan selepas hujan kerana
bawang akan mudah diserang fungus jika basah ketika dituai. Cara menuai bawang
adalah dengan mencabut ia dari atas tanah dan kemudian dijemur sehingga semua
daun atas kering.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pokok bawang
matang dan boleh dituai selepas 75 - 90 hari ditanam iaitu apabila daun bawang
telah mulai kering dan rebah. Rumpun bawang yang dituai diikat dan dikeringkan
dibawah sistem pengudaraan yang baik. Bawang ini tahan disimpan dan boleh
digunakan semula untuk dijadikan benih tanaman dan sebahagian boleh dijual.
Kajian di Malaysia mendapati sebiji bawang akan membiak sebanyak antara 15 - 25
biji </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebawang" title="Bebawang"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bebawang</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> serumpun walaupun kajian mendapati di India mencapai 40 -60 biji/rumpun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perosak</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Serangan </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulat_ratus&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Ulat ratus (tidak wujud)"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ulat
ratus</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<i>Spodoptera litura</i>) ada tetapi
kurang serius. Penyakit utama bawang ialah </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawar_daun&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hawar daun (tidak wujud)"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hawar
daun</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tompok&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tompok (tidak wujud)"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tompok</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan kawalan dengan Mancozeb boleh dijalankan. Penyakit
lain ialah </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reput_bawang&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Reput bawang (tidak wujud)"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">reput
bawang</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> akibat terendam atau serangan kulat.
Serangan penyakit </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tompok_ungu&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tompok ungu (tidak wujud)"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tompok
ungu</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (<i>Altenaria porri</i>) boleh dikawal
dengan racun kulat. Penyakit </span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pucuk_putih&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pucuk putih (tidak wujud)"><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pucuk
putih</span></a><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (White tips) boleh menyebabkan daun
jadi kering dan hasil sangat kurang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Khasiat</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bawang merah
mengandungi vitamin C, potassium, serat dan asid folik. Ia juga mengandungi
kalsium, zat besi dan protein yang tinggi.<sup>[</sup></span><a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_petikan" title="Wikipedia:Sumber petikan"><i><sup><span lang="MS" style="color: blue; font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perlu
rujukan</span></sup></i></a><sup><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">]</span></sup><span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa
penyelidikan telah dijalankan tentang khasiat bawang merah terhadap kesihatan
manusia. Dari hasil penyelidikan tersebut, mereka mendapati bahawa bawang merah
mengandungi 2 sebatian utama. Sebatian pertama ialah sulfur seperti allyl
propyl disulphida (APDS) dan sebatian kedua pula ialah flavonoids seperti
quercetin. Flavonoid dipercayai mengurangkan risiko kanser, penyakit jantung
dan kencing manis kerana ia mempunyai unsur-unsur anti-kanser, anti-bakteria,
anti-viral, anti-allergenic dan anti-inflammatory. Dari penyelidikan terkini,
bawang merah di dapati effektif terhadap sel kanser hati. Bawang merah didapati
mengandungi 6 kali ganda kandungan phenolic berbanding bawang biasa (bawang
besar). Bawang merah boleh menolong hati membuang toksin dari badan dan ia
mempunyai saponins untuk menghindar dan membunuh sel kanser.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bawang merah juga
didapati boleh menghindarkan kanser perut. Ia mengeluarkan anti-coagulant yang
boleh mencairkan darah dan seterusnya meningkatkan tahap tinggi aktiviti
anti-platelet yang baik untuk pesakit symptomatic antherosclerotic,
kardiovaskular, serangan jantung dan strok. Ia juga membantu meningkatkan
fungsi otak seterusnya mengurangkan risiko penyakit Alzheimer's. Bawang merah
juga boleh mengurangkan tahap gula bagi mereka yang menpunyai kencing manis
dengan menghadkan keberkesanan insulin dan meninggikan metabolisma glukosa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="MS" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: MS; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memakan bawang
merah setiap hari boleh membantu penumbuhan tisu tulang dan mengurangkan risiko
osteoporosis sehingga 20%. Ia mengandungi Prostaglandin A-1, agen yang kuat
untuk mengurangkan tekanan darah (blood pressure). Kandungan sulfurnya juga
boleh membantu kulit kelihatan muda.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-4320814253897404042013-06-17T18:32:00.000-07:002013-06-17T18:32:02.821-07:00TEKHNIK VERTIKULTUR<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem pertanian vertikultur
adalah sistem budidaya pertanian yang dilakukan secara vertikal atau
bertingkat. Sistem ini cocok diterapkan di lahan-lahan sempit atau di
pemukiman yang padat penduduknya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan
dari sistem pertanian vertikultur adalah : 1) efisiensi penggunaan lahan
karena yang ditanam jumlahnya lebih banyak dibandingkan sistem konvensional,
(2) penghematan pemakaian pupuk dan pestisida, (3) kemungkinan
tumbuhnya rumput dan gulma lebih kecil, (4) dapat dipindahkan dengan mudah
karena tanaman diletakkan dalam wadah tertentu, (5) mempermudah monitoring/pemeliharaan
tanaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis tanaman yang
dapat ditanam secara vertikultur ini sangat banyak, biasanya dari komoditas
sayuran, tanaman hias ataupun komoditas tanaman obat. Dari komoditas
sayuran antara lain : sawi, kucai, pakcoi, kangkung, bayam, kemangi, caisim,
seledri, selada bokor dan bawang daun. Budidaya tanaman sayuran secara
vertikultur ini dapat dilakukan di pekarangan rumah untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan pangan dan gizi keluarga dan juga meminimalisirkan pengeluaran
keluarga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model budidaya
secara vertikultur dapat berupa : </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Model gantung, Model tempel, Model
Tegak dan Model Rak.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut adalah model budidaya tanaman sayuran secara vertikultur
sederhana model rak :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara merakit pot
dari talang air.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Siapkan wadah
tanaman berupa talang air segi empat sepanjang 150 (seratus lima puluh) cm
sebanyak 3 (tiga) buah. Lubangi bagian bawahnya dan tutup bagian kedua sisinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk rak, siapkan
reng kayu dengan panjang 1(satu) meter sebanyak 5 (lima) batang. Kayu bulat
sebanyak 3 (tiga) batang ukuran 1 (satu ) m. Reng kayu ukuran 60 cm sejumlah 2
(dua) batang, ukuran 45 cm sejumlah 2 (dua) batang dan 30 cm sejumlah
2 (dua) batang. </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rangkailah kayu tersebut seperti gambar dibawah ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Letakan talang air
di rak kayu, dan isi pot talang air tersebut dengan media tanam.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media Tanam : </span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media tanam berupa campuran pupuk kandang dan tanah dengan
perbandingan volume 1:1 </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masukan media tanam ke dalam talang air
yang telah disiapkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persemaian dan Penanaman : </span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk tanaman kangkung dan bayam
benih bisa langsung ditanam dalam media tanam talang air tersebut. Untuk
tanaman cabai, terong, paprika, sawi benih harus disemaikan terlebih dahulu.
Namun karena talang air berukuran kecil, jenis tanaman apa yang akan ditanam
harus menjadi perhatian. Tanaman yang bisa ditanam biasanya tanaman daun
antara lain bayam, kangkung dan sawi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara persemaiannya adalah benih
direndam dalam air hangat (± 50ºC) selama 1 (satu) jam. Semaikan benih-benih
tersebut ke dalam media tanam berupa bak plastik atau tray, setelah tanaman
mempunyai daun antara 4-5 helai, bibit bisa dipindahkan langsung ke dalam
talang air tersebut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemindahan bibit ke media talang air
tersebut harus sangat hati-hati, usahakan tanah masih menempel pada akar
tanaman. Lakukan penanaman pada sore hari atau pada pagi hari dengan
membenamkan tanaman sampai batas leher akar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeliharaan : </span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyiraman dilakukan sebanyak 2 (dua)
kali sehari yaitu pada pagi dan sore hari </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyulaman dilakukan bila ada tanaman
yang mati </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemupukan dapat dilakukan dengan 2 cara
yaitu : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan mengunakan pupuk cair (NPK)
lengkap sebanyak 1 (satu) gram dicairkan dalam 1 (satu) liter air lalu
disemprotkan ke daun tanaman sebanyak 100-250 cc pertanaman atau tergantung
umur tanaman dengan interval 1-2 minggu sekali. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan menggunakan NPK yang disiramkan
pada media tanam bukan pada tanamannya. Dosis pupuk yang dianjurkan untuk fase
pertumbuhan adalah 2 sendok makan NPK/10 liter air (1 ember) atau campuran urea
+ SP36 + KCl dengan perbandingan 2:1:1. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengendalian hama penyakit sebaiknya
dilakukan secara konvensional/mekanik dengan cara mencabut atau menggunting
tanaman yang terserang hama penyakit . Hindari pemakaian pestisida dan bila
terpaksa gunakan pestisida yang selektif dan secara bijaksana. </span></div>
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<![endif]-->rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-4101688758557297212013-06-17T18:19:00.002-07:002013-06-17T18:19:45.073-07:00MEMBUAT MEDIA TANAM UNTUK POT DAN POLYBAG<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b><span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jerami padi atau limbah pertanian lain yang lunak, memang mudah sekali
dikomposkan. Hanya dengan ditumpuk begitu saja, selang tiga bulan kemudian
bahan tersebut sudah akan menjadi kompos. Namun kompos demikian akan cepat
sekali memadat dan lengket. Kalau kompos ini digunakan untuk memupuk lahan
sawah atau ladang, maka pemadatan dan pelengketan tidak akan menjadi masalah.
Sawah-sawah yang subur, lumpurnya memang terdiri dari bahan organik yang sudah
hancur dan menjadi lengket. Lain halnya kalau kompos tersebut akan dijadikan
media tanam pot. Media tanam pot memerlukan tingkat porousitas yang tinggi.
Lebih-lebih kalau yang akan ditanam jenis tanaman hias seperti paku-pakuan. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Itulah sebabnya suplir dan paku-pakuan hanya akan bisa tumbuh baik kalau
ditanam dengan media tanam humus bambu. Sebab meskipun sudah hancur, humus
bambu tetap bersifat netral (pH 6,5 - 7). Hancurnya humus bambu juga tetap
membentuk massa yang porous, tidak memadat dan tidak lengket. Hingga air yang
disiramkan ke dalam media tersebut akan terus larut ke bagian bawah. Yang
disebut humus bambu adalah, serasah sisa-sisa daun, seludang dan ranting bambu
yang berserakan di bawah rumpun tanaman tersebut. Humus bambu merupakan media
yang sangat spesifik untuk menanam suplir serta paku-pakuan lain dalam pot.
Sampai dengan saat ini, belum ada media lain yang lebih tepat untuk menanam
keluarga pakis-pakisan selain humus bambu.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komposisi untuk media tanam pot, haruslah tepat. Kalau kita hanya
menggunakan bahan organik yang lunak, misalnya jerami, maka dalam jangka waktu
kurang dari satu tahun, media tersebut sudah akan mampat. Kalau yang ditaruh
dalam pot merupakan tanaman semusim, tidak menjadi masalah. Sebab ketika media
telah mampat, akan dilakukan penggantian tanaman. Demikian pula halnya apabila
tanaman yang dipotkan itu memerlukan repoting (penggantian pot) setahun sekali.
Bersamaan dengan penggan tiap pot, dilakukan pula penggantian media tanam.
Kalau yang ditanam adalah palem yang belum tentu dua tahun sekali dilakukan
repoting, maka sebaiknya komposisi media pot benar-benar diperhitungkan.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertama-tama media tersebut memerlukan bahan kompos yang mudah sekali
hancur seperti jerami. Kedua, media tersebut juga memerlukan bahan pengikat air
yakni gabus seperti kulit batang kayu lunak, coco dush dan tanah liat. Namun
media tersebut juga memerlukan bahan organik yang tidak mudah hancur. Misalnya
serbuk gergaji (atau tahi serutan) dari kayu-kayu keras. Di Australia misalnya,
serbuk gergaji yang digunakan berasal dari kayu oak dan eucaliptus yang sangat
keras. Di sini, bisa digunakan serbuk gergaji kayu jati, kamper, rasamala dll.
Dan terakhir, kompos ini memerlukan pasir halus agar kondisinya tetap porous.
Perbandingan dari masing-masing media ini sangat tergantung dari jenis
tanamannya.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalau yang ditanam jenis tanaman yang memerlukan banyak air, maka
komponen tanah liat dan serbuk gabusnya diperbesar. Kalau tanaman tersebut
memerlukan tingkat porousitas yang tinggi (tidak suka air) maka komposisi pasir
dan serbuk kayu kerasnya yang diperbanyak. Yang memerlukan banyak air adalah
tanaman dengan daun lebar dan lunak. Misalnya jenis-jenis impatiens, begonia
dll. Sementara yang tidak suka air banyak adalah jenis paku-pakuan dan terutama
kaktus serta sukulen. Media untuk kaktus dan sukulen, malahan cukup hanya
berupa pasir halus 75% dan humus (kompos halus) 25%. Kaktus dan sukulen sangat
tidak suka air hingga penyiramannya pun hanya dilakukan cukup seminggu sekali.
Pot kaktus dan sukulen juga harus ditempatkan dalam green house, agar terhindar
dari guyuran hujan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Para penangkar tanaman hias di Selecta (Jatim), Bandungan (Jateng),
Lembang dan Cibodas (Jabar), menggunakan kompos yang terdiri dari tanah biasa
dicampur dengan sekam bekas litter ayam broiller. Perbandingannya, 1/3 tanah
dicampur dengan 2/3 sekam. Dengan media seperti ini, porousitas media bisa
tetap terjaga. Sebab sekam baru akan hancur setelah sekitar dua tahun tercampur
tahah. Benih tanaman hias tersebut dalam jangka waktu kurang dari 1 tahun pasti
sudah terpasarkan. Selain karena faktor porousitas, penggunaan media sekam juga
dimaksudkan agar tanaman yang disemai dalam keranjang bambu, polybag atau
kebanyakan dalam kantong plastik bening itu, menjadi ringan apabila diangkut
jarak jauh.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk tujuan mengurangi bobot inilah para penangkar benih buah-buahan
tanaman keras di Thailand menggunakan media moss atau <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>gabus sabut kelapa (coco dush</u></b>). Yang dimaksud dengan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u>moss</u></b> adalah akar kadaca (pakis
sarang burung). Penggunaan media moss dan coco dush ini dilakukan, sejak
pencabutan semai dari lahan untuk dipindahkan ke polybag. Dengan media moss dan
coco dush, maka bobot benih tanaman itu bisa dikurangi sekitar 2/3nya. Hingga
apabila dengan menggunakan media tanah bobot benih yang dimuat dalam satu pick
up 2 ton misalnya, maka dengan media moss dan coco dush bobotnya akan susut
menjadi 0,66 ton. Sementara volumenya tetap sama. Pengangkutan benih demikian,
biasanya dengan ditumpuk (ditata) tidur saling silang. Hingga daya muat
kendaraan bisa cukup besar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan kompos secara massal, dilakukan dengan pencampuran berbagai
bahan dalam ruang berpeneduh. Biasanya kotoran ternak ruminansia (sapi/domba),
babi dan unggas dicampur dengan serbuk gergaji. Pencampuran dilakukan dengan
alat-alat berat dalam bangsal yang luasnya bisa sebesar lapangan sepakbola.
Bersamaan dengan pangadukan, ditambahkan pula air, starter berupa bakteri dan
juga oksigen. Dengan cara ini, proses pengomposan bisa dipersingkat hanya dalam
beberapa hari dari yang seharusnya selama sekitar tiga bulan. Untuk penggunaan
di lahan biasa, kompos yang sudah jadi ini bisa ditaburkan secara langsung.
Namun untuk penggunaan sebagai media pot/polybag, kompos ini masih harus
dicampur dengan berbagai bahan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Nursery-nursery besar, biasanya menyiapkan bahan-bahan untuk media tanam
berupa kompos, pupuk guano (kotoran kelelawar), pasir halus, serbuk gergaji
kayu keras, sekam, gabus (dari kulit kayu maupun coco dush), kapur dan tanah
liat. Bahan-bahan tadi akan dicampur sesuai dengan kebutuhan tanaman. Tanaman
hias seperti aglaonema, anthurium dan begonia misalnya, menghendaki komposisi
media yang lebih banyak bahan organiknya. Hingga untuk tanaman hias ini bagian
komposnya paling banyak. Misalnya mencapai 60%. Yang 40% terdiri dari gabus,
serbuk gergaji kayu keras/sekam, tanah liat dan pasir. Sebab tanaman hias
demikian menghendaki media yang tetap porous dan mengandung banyak air.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beda dengan tanaman kaktus dan sukulen. Termasuk jenis tanaman ini
adalah adenium dan euphorbia yang akhir-akhir ini sedang digemari masyarakat.
Tanaman hias ini justru lebih banyak memerlukan pasir sebagai media tanamnya.
Hingga komposisinya dibalik: pasir 60% dan yang 40% kompos serta serbuk gergaji
kayu keras/sekam. Tanah liat dan gabus tidak diperlukan. Sebab fungsi kedua media
ini adalah mengikat air. Padahal kaktus dan sukulen justru tidak menghendaki
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jerami, baik jerami padi maupun gandum, hasil komposnya akan homogen
lunak dan mudah sekali mampat/padat. Batang jagung dan sorgum relatif
heterogen, yakni terdiri dari serat dan gabus di bagian dalamnya serta kulit
batang yang keras di bagian luarnya. Namun batang jagung maupun sorgum tetap
tidak bisa bertahan terlalu lama sebagai media tanam pot. Yang paling ideal
sebagai bahan kompos adalah ranting dan daun kayu-kayu keras. Di Jakarta, hasil
tebangan/potongan kayu angsana hanya dibuang percuma di TPA (Tempat Pembuangan
Akhir) sampah DKI. Padahal, limbah ini bisa dicacah dengan chooper dan
dikomposkan. Kompos dari ranting berikut daun angsana ini cukup baik, karena
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kulit dan tongkol jagung juga merupakan bahan kompos yang cukup baik.
Kulit jagungnya banyak mengandung selulosa yang kuat, sementara tongkolnya
banyak mengandung kayu keras yang akan memerlukan waktu lama untuk hancur.
Kalau kulit dan tongkol ini dikombinasikan dengan batang dan daun jagungnya,
akan menjadi bahan kompos yang sangat ideal. Demikian pula halnya dengan batang
dan kulit kacang tanah. Di negeri kita batang dan daun kacang tanah adalah
hijauan pakan ternak yang sangat bermutu. Sementara kulitnya lebih banyak
dibuang atau dibakar sia-sia. Padahal, kulit kacang merupakan bahan kompos yang
cukup baik, yakni untuk substitusi bahan gabus dan bagian kerasnya. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Kristen ITC"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kombinasi yang juga ideal adalah
sekam dan jerami padi. Jerami padi akan cepat sekali memadat. Sementara
sekamnya memerlukan jangka waktu lama untuk hancur. Kalau dua bahan ini
dicampur, maka akan menjadi media tanam pot yang sangat ideal. Kelebihan media
tanam yang hanya terdiri dari bahan organik adalah porous dan bobotnya ringan.
Kalau pot atau polybag tersebut akan diangkat-angkat dan dibawa jarak jauh,
maka idealnya media tanamnya tanpa diberi pasir serta tanah liat agar tetap
ringan. Kalau pot itu akan ditaruh permanen di satu tempat, maka penambahan
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<![endif]-->rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-71638043984215645652013-05-23T23:13:00.001-07:002013-05-23T23:13:40.868-07:00KEBIJAKAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<span style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tiga</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> cara untuk merealisasikan kebijakan pemerintah untuk melindungi produsen
dan konsumen, meliputi</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: Algerian; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">;<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ulur Tangan</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Elastisitas
Penawaran dan Permintaan, permintaan dan penawaran selain ditentukan oleh
produsen dan konsumen juga dipengaruhi oleh campur tangan pemerintah.
Pemerintah memiliki beberapa metode dalam mengatur perekonomian juga penawaran
dan permintaan. Dua diantaranya adalah <em>price ceilings</em> dan <em>price
floors.</em> Perubahan harga barang dan pasar yang dipengaruhi oleh pemerintah
ini juga dapat disebut dengan elastisitas permintaan.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Namun
sebenarnya mengapa pemerintah perlu ikut campur dalam mengatur pasar, terutama
penawaran dan permintaan? Permintaan dan penawaran yang tidak diatur oleh
pemerintah memberikan kebebasan kepada pasar untuk menentukan harga dan
permainan perdagangan, namun apabila tidak ada intervensi dari pemerintah,
perdagangan dapat berubah menjadi lebih bebas dan tidak terkontrol. Apabila
keadaan tidak terkontrol ini kemudian menjadi lebih kacau, maka keadaan ekonomi
negara akan memburuk. Oleh karena itu tidak perlu menjadi pertanyaan mengapa
pemerintah melakukan intervensi dalam kegiatan ekonomi.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Intervensi
pemerintah dalam kegiatan intervensi umumnya juga bukan merupakan intervensi
sepenuhnya dan otoritatif seperti dalam sistem ekonomi sosialis (Mankiw dan
Lieberman merupakan ekonom Liberalis). Disini, pemerintah hanya melakukan
intervensi dalam menentukan batas atas dan batas bawah harga suatu barang atau <em>price
ceilings</em> dan <em>price floors. </em></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Apabila harga
keseimbangan yang ditentukan oleh pemerintah terhadap suatu barang lebih rendah
daripada batas maksimum yang akan ditetapkan, maka batas harga maksimal
terhadap barang tersbut tidak akan mengikat. Namun, apabila harga maksimum yang
ditetapkan oleh pemerintah lebih rendah daripada harga ekuilibrium pasar, maka
akan terjadi kekurangan atau <em>shortage</em> atas barang tersebut di pasar.
Mankiw mengungkapkan bahwa apabila pemerintah menentukan batas maksimal harga
suatu barang dalam pasar persaingan sempurna, hal itu akan mengakibatkan
kelangkaan terjadi dalam permintaan barang tersebut. Hal ini mengakibatkan
produsen/penjual harus membagi barang yang menjadi langka tersebut kepada
pembeli.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<em>Price
Ceilings</em> maupun <em>Price Floors</em> yang dikeluarkan pemerintah mengenai
seuatu barang sebenarnya merupakan dua kebijakan yang sangat membantu pasar
untuk tidak mendapatkan gangguan kerena <em>shortage</em> maupun <em>surplus</em>
terhadap beberapa barang tertentu dipasaran. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari apabila
harga maksimum yang ditentukan pemerintah menyebabkan barang tersebut menjadi
langka karena diserbu oleh banyak pembeli, harga minimum lah yang kemudian
menyeimbangkannya. Kebijakan pemerintah terhadap harga maksimum dan minimum ini
sebenarnya membantu melindungi pihak produsen dan pedagang dari
kerugian-kerugian yang mungkin timbul.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Selain harga
maksimum dan minimum, intervensi pemerintah terhadap pasar, keseimbangan, serta
penawaran dan permintaan juga dapat dilihat melalui pemberlakuannya pajak.
Intervensi pemerintah terkait pajak ini sebenarnya lebih kepada upaya
pemerintah untuk menyediakan dan memperbaiki infrastruktur dan kebutuhan publik
serta kebutuhan untuk pertahanan negara. Ahli Ekonomi umumnya menamakan pajak
ini dengan sebutan <em>tax incidenc</em>e atau yang dikenal dengan pajak yang
berlaku dalam setiap kegiatan perdagangan di pasar.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Contoh nyata
dari penerapan tax incidence ini adalah penerapan PPN, yang ada di setiap
kegiatan jual-beli. Penjual akan membayar PPN kepada negara dan pembeli pun
dikenai pajak PPN guna menyumbang kepada negara. Berkaitan dengan konsep
elastisitas, terhadap perubahan barang yang elastis maupun inelastis sebenarnya
konsep pajak yang ditentukan oleh pemerintah ini mempunyai pengaruh yang cukup
besar. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari jenis barang yang elastis maupun inelastis
yang diperdagangkan. Saat barang yang diperjualbelikan yang dikenai pajak
tersebut adalah barang elastis,penjual akan mendapatkan beban pajak yang kecil
sementara pembeli akan mendapatkan beban pajak yang lebih besar. Sementara pada
barang-barang inelastis, pembeli akan terkena pajak yang lebih besar daripada
penjual dikarenakan permintaan yang inelastis dan membuat penawaran akan
semakin meningkat dan penjual akan menanggung beban pajak lebih besar.</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
Kesimpulan yang
dapat kita ambil dari review mengenai pengaruh pemerintah dalam penawaran,
permintaan, dan pasar oleh Mankiw dan Lieberman ini adalah, pemerintah
memberlakukan beberapa kebijakan yang berkaitan dengan perdagangan, diantaranya
adalah kebijakan pemerintah terhadap harga maksimum (<em>price ceilings</em>)
dan harga minimum (<em>price floors</em>) serta pajak negara bagi setiap
kegiatan perdagangan. Kebijakan pemerintah ini sebenarnya mempunyai banyak
dampak postif terhadap kegiatan kenegaraan, dimana kebijakan-kebijakan ini
membantu negara dalam melindungi kerugian produsen-produsen, juga membantu
memberikan dana bagi kegiatan kepemerintahan dan pertahanan negara serta
bermanfaat pula bagi pembangunan/perbaikan infrastruktur publik<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Campur
Tangan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Islam negara memiliki hak untuk ikut campur
(intervensi) dalam kegiatan ekonomi yang dilakukan oleh individu-individu, baik
untuk mengawasi kegiatan ini maupun untuk mengatur atau melaksanakan beberapa macam
kegiatan ekonomi yang tidak mampu dilaksanakan oleh individu-individu.
Keterlibatan negara dalam kegiatan ekonomi pada permulaan Islam sangat kurang,
karena masih sederhananya kegiatan ekonomi yang ketika itu, selain itu
disebabkan pula oleh daya kontrol spiritual dan kemantapan jiwa kaum muslimin
pada masa-masa permulaan yang membuat mereka mematuhi secara langsung
perintah-perintah syariat dan sangat berhati-hati menjaga keselamatan mereka
dari penipuan dan kesalahan. Semua ini mengurangi kesempatan negara untuk ikut
campur (intervensi) dalam kegiatan ekonomi.</span><a href="http://shariaeconomics.wordpress.com/2011/02/26/mekanisme-pasar-dalam-perspektif-ekonomi-islam/#_ftn27"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">[27]</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seiring dengan kemajuan zaman, kegiatan ekonomi pun
mengalami perkembangan yang cukup signifikan. Namun perkembangan yang ada
cenderung menampakkan komleksitas dan penyimpangan-penyimpangan etika dalam
kegiatan ekonomi. Atas dasar itulah, maka Ibnu Taimiyah, memandang perlu
keterlibatan (intervensi) negara dalam aktifitas ekonomi dalam rangka
melindungi hak-hka rakyat/masyarakat luas dari ancaman kezaliman para
pelaku bisnis yang ada, dan untuk kepentingn manfaat yang lebih besar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Negara memiliki kekuasaan untuk mengontrol harga dan
menetapkan besarnya upah pekerja, demi kepentingan publik. Ibnu Taimiyah tidak
menyukai pengawasan harga dilakukan dalam keadaan normal. Sebab pada prinsipnya
penduduk bebas menjual barang-barang mereka pada tingkat harga yang mereka
sukai. Melakukan penekanan atas masalah ini akan melahirkan ketidakadilan dan
menimbulkan dampak negatif, di antaranya para pedagang akan menahan diri dari
penjual barang pun atau menarik diri dari pasar yang ditekan untuk menjual
dengan harga terendah, selanjutnya kualitas produk akan merosot yang akan
berakibat munculnya pasar gelap.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penetapan harga yang tidak adil akan mengakibatkan timbulnya
kondisi yang bertentangan dengan yang diharapkan, membuat situasi pasar
memburuk yang akan merugikan konsumen. Tetapi harga pasar yang terlalu tinggi
karena unsur kezaliman, akan berakibat ketidaksempurnaan dalam mekanisme pasar.
Usaha memproteksi konsumen tak mungkin dilakukan tanpa melalui penetapan harga,
dan negaralah yang berkompeten untuk melakukannya. Namun, penetapan harga tak
boleh dilakukan sewenang-wenang, harus ditetapkan melalui musyawarah. Harga
ditetapkan dengan pertimbangan akan lebih bisa diterima oleh semua pihak dan
akibat buruk dari penetapan harga itu harus dihindari</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Secara Paksa
</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 tentang
larangan praktik monopoli dan persaingan usaha tidak sehat mengatur kegiatan
bisnis yang baik dalam arti tidak merugikan pelaku usaha lain. Monopoli tidak
dilarang dalam ekonomi pasar, sejauh dapat mematuhi “rambu-rambu” atau aturan
hukum persaingan yang sehat. Globalisasi ekonomi menyebabkan setiap negara di
dunia harus “rela” membuka pasar domestik dari masuknya produk barang/jasa
negara asing dalam perdagangan dan pasar bebas. Keadaan ini dapat mengancam
ekonomi nasional dan pelanggaran usaha, apabila para pelaku usaha melakukan
perbuatan tidak terpuji.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaturan hukum persaingan usaha
atau bisnis melalui UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli dan
Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat (LN 1999 No. 33, TLN No. 3817) diberlakukan secara
efektif pada tanggal 5 Maret 2000 merubah kegiatan bisnis dari praktik monopoli
yang terselubung, diam-diam dan terbuka masa orde baru menuju praktik bisnis
yang sehat. Pemberlakuan UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 selama ini perlu dilakukan kaji
ulang, guna mengetahui implikasi penerapan kompetisi yang “sehat” dan wajar di
antara pengusaha atau pelaku usaha dalam sistem ekonomi (economic system)
terhadap demokrasi ekonomi yang diamanatkan Pasal 33 UUD 1945.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-59247732172565000992013-05-23T16:05:00.000-07:002013-05-23T16:05:12.081-07:00Kedaulatan pangan sebagai konsep kebijakan produksi pertanian dan pangan serta distribusi<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedaulatan
pangan sebagai konsep kebijakan produksi pertanian dan pangan serta distribusi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedaulatan
pangan sebagai sebuah konsep kebijakan dalam produksi pertanian dan pangan. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebijakan pertanian dan pangan harus
harus bertujuan untuk mewujudkan produksi pangan yang dapat mencukupi kebutuhan
sendiri melalui produsen pangan dalam negeri khususnya kaum tani, nelayan,
komunitas asli dan lain sebagainya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disamping itu, menjamin stok pangan ,
mengamankan sumberdaya untuk produksi pangan, melakukan distribusi pangan yang
adil, serta manajemen yang berbasis serta dikontrol oleh komunitas. Kedaulatan
pangan dalam praktek adavokasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kebijakan
serta mendukung perjuangan demokratis massa pokok. Menyokong sepenuhnya aksi-aksi
rakyat secara langsung<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk memperoleh
keadilan social, bebas dar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penindasan
dan tirani serta untuk memperoleh demokrasi sejati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedaulatan pangan senantias
memperjuangkan baik hak perseorangan maupun hak-hak kolektif, menegakkan dan
berjuang untuk mewujudkan hak asasi manusia serta serta mendukung kebebasan
rakyat untuk melancarkan aksi-aksi langsung memperjuangkan hak-haknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedaulatn pangan senantiasa menggunakan
pendekatan berbasis pada kekuatan rakyat dalam melakukan advokasi kebijakan,
mendorong partisispasi rakyat dalam menentukan kebijakan agrarian serta
kebijakan lainnya. Kedaulatan pangan member perioritas pada kebutuhan dalam
negeri dan menjamin akses rakyat tanah, air, benih, pelayanan dan lain
sebagainya. Kedaulatan pangan juga menjamin partisipasi kaum perempuan dan
sector rentan lainnya dalam pembuatan kebijakan serta mengakui pentingnya
peranan mereka dalam urusan produksi pertanian dan pangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen
program dan platform kedaulatan pangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Produksi
pangan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam produksi pangan, masalah-masalah dan
prinsip-prinsipnya berkisar pada <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">self-relience
</i>(kerpecayaan pada diri sendiri)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">self-sufficiency </i>(kesanggupan mencukupi
keperluennya sendiri). Untuk mewujudkan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">self-sufficiency
</i>dalam produksi pngan mensyaratkan adanya demokrasi ekonomi (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">economic democracy</i>), yang berarti bahwa
kaum tani unutk membuat keputusan dan mencari nafkah harus berarti bahwa hak
kaum tani untuk membuat keputusan dan mencari nafkah harus ditegakkan sementara
dominasi elit dan koorporasi harus dilenyapkan. Harus ada perlindungan dan
promosi atas hak dan kesejahteraan pekerja, ketentuan atas pekerjaan yang
bermartabat, upah yang adil serta keselamtan kerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Distribusi
pangan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Distribusi pangan harus disesuaikan dengan kehidupan
ekonomi dan budaya rakyat. Distribusi pangan jugan harus mempertimbangkan masalah
pendapatan. Demokrasi ekonomi dalam distribusi pangan sangat sulit diterapkan,
karena itu konsultasi dan partisi pasi harus didakan sebagai sebuah kebijakan
dalam distribusi pangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Program-program pangan harus berasis pada komunitas
yang ditopang oleh program distribusi pangan nasional yang pro-aktif serta
berpihak pada rakyat. Pemerintah harus menjamin kertersediaan pangan yang cukup
melalui usaha yang efisien mendapatkan pangan dari dalam negeri .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesehatan
dan gizi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Prinsip
kesehatan dan gizi yang palling utama adalah memastikan agar pangan dan makanan
yang dikomsumsi rakyat aman untuk dimakan. Perhatian khusus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>harus diberikan kepada sector-sektor yang
rentan seperti kaum perempuan,, anak-anak dan lanjut usia. Sector ini
menderitakemiskinan dan kelaparan berkali-kali lipat dibandingkan sector
lainnya akibat diskriminasi jender dan masih terbatasnya hak-hak ekonomi dan
polotiknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Program utamanya adalah
; program gizi yang pro-aktif serta berpihak kepada rakyat yang focus pada
wilayah dan sector<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>paling miskin dalam
dalam masyarakat; membuat regulasi dan promosi pangan yang betul-betul aman dan
melindungi rakyat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bantuan
pangan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bantuan
pangan harus bersifat pro-aktif dan pro-rakyat. Ia tidak boleh
disangkut-pautkan dengan agenda ekonomi maupun politik, akan tetapi benar-benar
untuk membantu daerah bencana dengan mekanisme pengaturan yang pro-aktif
terlebih bagi komunitas yang terserang kemiskinan atau bencana. Pangan tidak
boleh digunakan sebagai alat untuk berkuasa atau intrumen untuk kepentingan perang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bantuan
dan kerjasama pangan internasional harus mendukung kebijakan yang mengutamakan
upaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>memenuhi kebutuhan atas
dasarproduksi panga sendiri dan pembangunan serta tidk dugunakan sebagai topeng
untuk melakukan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dumping.</i> Bantuan
tidak boleh dijadikan jalan untuk memperkuat control TNC’s terhadap pasar dalam
negeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Advokasi
kebijakan untuk Kedaulatan Rakyat atas Pangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Advokasi
Kedaulatan Pangan di Tingkat Lokal, Nasional dan Internasional</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Luasnya cakupan kedaulatan pangan
secara tidak langsung memerlukan strategi yang memadai untuk mewujudkannya.
Kedaulaan pangan membuka sebuah wacana politik untuk menekankan pentingnya
prinsip menentukan nasib sendiri (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">self-determination</i>)
dan percaya pada kemampuan sendiri ( <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">self-reliance</i>)
bagi komunitas local dalam menemukan solusi persoalan-persoalan local. Dengan
demikian ajuan-ajuan kebijakan dalam konsep kedaulatan pangan memerlukan
perubahan-perubahan yang luas dalam kebijakan pertanian dan perdagangan yang
berlaku dewasa ini seperti pengurangan secara radikal atau dirubahnya secara
menyeluruh kekuasaan institusi-institusi dan berbagai perjanjian internasional.
Tujuan utamanya adalah menampilkan secara nyata bagaimana perhatian yang
ditunjukkan oleh komunitas dalam konsep kedaulatan pangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">II.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persoalan
pokok dan sasaran kampanye</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejak tahun 1980 –an, kebijakan
penyesuaian structural (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Structural
adjustment policies</i>) yang dipaksakan oleh IMF dan bank dunia telah
diterapkan oleh mayoritas negeri-negeri terbelakang. dalam lapangan pertanian
dan pangan kebijakan berkisar pada apa yang oleh Bank dunia dijuluki sebagai
paket kebijakan “ketahanan pangan berbasis pada perdagangan” (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">trade base food security</i>) melalui
prasyarat prasyarat yang memboncengi utang luar negeri, IMF dan Bank dunia
memaksa negeri-negeri tersebut membuka pasar pertaniannya bagi produk impor
yang murah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Advokasi kebijakan untuk kedaulatan pangan harus
menuntut dihentikannya segala persyaratan program penyesuaian structural
terhadap apa yang disebut sebagai dokumen strategi pengurangan kemiskinan (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">proverty reduction strategy paper</i>)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang mendorong reform – reform ala
neoliberal, yang pada akhirnya hanya untuk memaksimalkan keuntungan
koorporasi-koorporasi sembari mengecam subsidi Negara terhadap produsen kecil
sebagai tindakan yang menghancurkan serta menuntut privatisasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme
“perdagangan bebas”</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di bawah pengaruh WTO,
kebijakan perdagangan telah menjadi perjanjian nasional yang mengikat yang
harus dipatuhi bila tidak, maka harus bersiap-siap mendapat sanksi melalui
mekanisme penyelesaian sengketa. Aturan kebijakan perdagangan ini memberi
pengaruh pada sector pertanian dan pangan seperti aturan-aturan keramat yang
dibuat WTO dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Agreement on Agriculture
</i>(AoA). </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Liberalis pertanian
melalui WTO dan perjanjian-perjanjian perdagangan bebas lainnya memaksa pada
produsen kecil dan menengah dinegeri-negeri terbelakang berhadap-hadapan dengan
pesainnya didalam persaingan langsung didalam pasar dunia melawan para
pesainnya. Karena itu kedaulatan pangan menurut WTO harus segera angkat kaki
dari semua aspek system pertanian dan pangan ia harus digantikan dengan system
perdagangan multilateral yang baru berbasis pada perdagangan yang adil dan
kedaulatan rakyat atas pangan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertanian
koorporasi</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Liberalisasi pertanian
telah mengakibatkan terkonsolidasikannya tanah pertanian dan segenap Sumber
daya ditangan para tuan tanah besar, perusahaan transnasional (TNC’s) juga
melakukan perluasan control atas bagian lainnya dari system pangan, pasar, dan
produksi pangan global.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">III.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Unsur-unsur Advokasi Kebijakan
untuk Kedaulatan Pangan </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">dan</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">jaringan</i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konversi rakyat atas
kedaulatan pangan selain menjadi instrument politik juga harus menjadi alat
untuk mendidik rakyat tentang kedaulatan pangan. Document tersebut harus
tersebarkan secara luas serta secara resmi harus dipresentasikan didalam
pertemuan-pertemuan dan juga untuk keperluan penggalanagn dana. Program
nasional mengenai kedaulatan pangan juga harus dirancang untuk menjadi sebuah
platform politik untuk kepentingan kampanye dan pembangunan aliansi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0in; text-indent: .25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lobi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam diskusi kebijakan
mengenai pembaharuan kebijakan pertanian dan pangan, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kedaulatan pangan harus menampilkan sebuah
konsep alternative. Forum-forum legislative harus segera di organisasikan untuk
memudhkan interaksi dan debat dengan pembuat kebijakan mengenai masalah
pembaharuan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mobilisasi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menggerakkan sector
yang berbeda, khususnya kaum tani, nelayan tradisional, suku bangsa asli dan
produsen pangan lainnya maupun kelompok konsumen diperlukan untuk melancarkan
perlawanan terhadap kebijakan neoliberal yang mempengaruhi sector pertanian dan
pangan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tujuan utama mobilisasi ini
adalah menuntut perubahan atas kebijakan yang sedang diterapkan dan atau untuk
mengantisipasi ajuan lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Advokasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Advokasi adalah
tindakan atau proses membela sebuah perkara. Mengajak orang untuk bertindak
dengan mengajukan saran-saran, memberikan dukungan, menentang atau
mempertahankan gagasan-gagasan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Advokasi
kebijakan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Advokasi kebijakan
adalah usah untuk memenangkan aspirasi atau kehendak public dalam sebuah
kebijakan dengan berbagai strategi dan taktik yang terorganisir. Advokasi
melibatkan pihak-pihak yang mendapat dampak kebijakan, menentang kebijakan,
yang sedang berlaku serta menawarkan sejumlah alternative. Sasaran utama dari
advokasi kebijakan adalah : 1) Legislatif. 2) Ekekutif. 3) lembaga-lembaga
regulator. 4) peradilan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbedaan
antara advokasi dengan kampanye gerakkan massa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Capaian advokasi
kebijakan adalah merubah kebijakan0kebijana yang sedang berlaku atau
mengantsipasi ajuan kebijakan lainnya sembari mengajukan alternative kebijakan.
Sementara itu, kampanye gerakan massa memiloiki skoup yang lebih luas yaiutu
memecahkan persoalan-persoalan hokum dan kebijakan semata (tidak bergantung pada
hukum dan kebijakan yang berlaku) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan
advokasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan jangka pendek;</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
merombak hokum maupunregulasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
memperoleh posisi politik secara relative</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
meningkatkan rakyat atas sebuah persoalan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mendapatkan pengalaman dan kekuatan initernal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan jangka panjang</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mempengaruhi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perubahan-perubahan secara
berangsur-angsur didalam lembaga social</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mendapatkan posisi politik dan media yang lebih baik untuk perubahan social</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meningkatkan
kesadaran kritis rakyat untuk perubahan social</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
membangun anasir-anasir demokrasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lima langkah pokok dalam kerja advokasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengidentifiaksi
sasaran advoskasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memutuskan
media yang tepat digunakan untuk menjangkau sasaran</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Memebangun
pesan yang jelas yang mereka mengerti</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Rebut
hati dan pikirannya</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengubah
atau membetulkan pradigma</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Strategi-strategi dalam advokasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penelitian
dan publikasi-publikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berhubungan
dengan organisasi-organisasi yang berbasis komunitas</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesi
forum pendidikan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Proyeksi
media</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lobi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menjalin
hubungan dengan anggota parlemen dan pejabat pemerintah yang simpatik dan
berbagi masalah organisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dialog-dialog</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berpartisipasi
dalam forum curah pendapat </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jaringan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membangun
hubungan secara personal maupun organisasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tukar-menukar
publikasi dan hasil penelitian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengumpulkan
sumberdaya bersam untuk mendapatkan pengaruh yang lebih besar</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aksi-aksi
rakyat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Negosiasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aksi-aksi
protes</span></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-911310720757780962013-04-16T00:10:00.000-07:002013-04-16T00:10:22.515-07:00PERBEDAAN KOPERASI DENGAN BADAN USAHA/LEMBAGA <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://www.blogger.com/null" name="7519042716036091808"></a><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://ditabook-mylife.blogspot.com/2012/10/perbedaan-koperasi-dengan-badan-usaha.html"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">PERBEDAAN
KOPERASI DENGAN BADAN USAHA/LEMBAGA </span></a></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian Koperasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian
koperasi menurut Undang-undang Nomor 25 tahun 1992 ialah bidang usaha yang
beranggotakan orang atau badan hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya
berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang
berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi
sebagai badan usaha dapat melakukan kegiatan usahanya sendiri dan dapat juga
bekerja sama dengan badan usaha lain, seperti perusahaan swasta maupun
perusahaan negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perbedaan antara koperasi dan badan
usaha lain, dapat digolongkan sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilihat dari segi organisasi</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi adalah organisasi yang
mempunyai kepentingan yang sama bagi para anggotanya. Dalam melaksanakan
usahanya, kekuatan tertinggi pada koperasi terletak di tangan anggota,
sedangkan dalam badan usaha bukan koperasi, anggotanya terbatas kepada orang
yang memiliki modal, dan dalam pelaksanaannya kegiatannya kekuasaan tertinggi
berada pada pemilik modal usaha.</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilihat dari segi tujuan usaha</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi bertujuan untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan bagi para anggotanya dengan melayani anggota seadil-adilnya,
sedangkan badan usaha bukan koperasi pada umumnya bertujuan untuk mendapatkan
keuntungan.</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilihat dari segi sikap
hubungan usaha</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi senantiasa mengadakan
koordinasi atau kerja sama antara koperasi satu dan koperasi lainnya, sedangkan
badan usaha bukan koperasi sering bersaing satu dengan lainnya.</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dilihat dari segi pengelolaan
usaha</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelolaan usaha koperasi dilakukan
secara terbuka, sedangkan badan usaha bukan koperasi pengelolaan usahanya
dilakukan secara tertutup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciri-ciri Koperasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa ciri dari koperasi ialah:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perkumpulan orang.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembagian keuntungan menurut
perbandingan jasa. Jasa modal dibatasi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuannya meringankan beban
ekonomi anggotanya, memperbaiki kesejahteraan anggotanya, pada khususnya
dan masyarakat pada umumnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modal tidak tetap, berubah
menurut banyaknya simpanan anggota.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak mementingkan pemasukan
modal/pekerjaan usaha tetapi keanggotaan prinsip kebersamaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam rapat anggota tiap
anggota masing-masing atau suara tanpa memperhatikan jumlah modal
masing-masing.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap anggota bebas untuk
masuk/keluar (anggota berganti) sehingga dalam koperasi tidak terdapat
modal permanen.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seperti halnya perusahaan yang
berbentuk Perseroan Terbatas (PT) maka Koperasi mempunyai bentuk Badan
Hukum.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menjalankan suatu usaha</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penanggungjawab koperasi adalah
pengurus.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi bukan kumpulan modal beberapa
orang yang bertujuan mencari laba sebesar-besarnya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi adalah usaha bersama
kekeluargaan dan kegotong-royongan. Setiap anggota berkewajiban bekerja
sama untuk mencapai tujuan yaitu kesejahteraan para anggota.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerugian dipikul bersama antara
anggota. Jika koperasi menderita kerugian, maka para anggota memikul
bersama. Anggota yang tidak mampu dibebaskan atas beban/tanggungan
kerugian. Kerugian dipikul oleh anggota yang mampu.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan Koperasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Undang-undang Nomor 25 tahun 1992 Pasal 3 koperasi bertujuan memajukan
kesejahteraan anggotanya pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya serta ikut
membangun tatanan perekonomian nasional dalam rangka mewujudkan masyarakat yang
maju, adil dan makmur berlandaskan Pancasila dan UUD 1945. Kelebihan dan
Kelemahan Koperasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal-hal yang menjadi kelebihan
koperasi di Indonesia adalah:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bersifat terbuka dan sukarela.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Besarnya simpanan pokok dan
simpanan wajib tidak memberatkan anggota.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap anggota memiliki hak
suara yang sama, bukan berdasarkan besarnya modal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bertujuan meningkatkan
kesejahteraan anggota dan bukan sematamata mencari keuntungan.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal-hal yang menjadi kelemahan
koperasi di Indonesia adalah:</span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi sulit berkembang
karena modal terbatas.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kurang cakapnya pengurus dalam
mengelola koperasi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengurus kadang-kadang tidak
jujur.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kurangnya kerja sama antara
pengurus, pengawas dan anggotanya.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">contoh Koperasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi Simpan Pinjam</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi
simpan pinjam adalah koperasi yang fungsinya kurang lebih sama dengan bank.<br />
Bedanya, koperasi simpan pinjam tidak mengambil keuntungan atau bunga dari si
anggota peminjam. Sejumlah uang benar-benar dipinjamkan dengan tujuan membangun
usaha sesuai kesepakatan yang dibuat sebelumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi Produsen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi
produsen adalah koperasi yang anggotanya adalah orang yang bergerak di bidang
produksi barang. Yaitu, usaha kecil sampai menengah (UKM) yang didirikan home
industri.Kegiatannya adalah pengadaan bahan baku.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Badan Usaha/lembaga</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Badan
usaha adalah kesatuan yuridis (hukum), teknis, dan ekonomis yang bertujuan mencari
laba atau keuntungan. Badan Usaha seringkali disamakan dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusahaan" title="Perusahaan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perusahaan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, walaupun pada kenyataannya
berbeda. Perbedaan utamanya, Badan Usaha adalah lembaga sementara perusahaan adalah
tempat dimana Badan Usaha itu mengelola faktor-</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faktor_produksi" title="Faktor produksi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">faktor produksi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis-Jenis Badan Usaha di Indonesia</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BUMN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badan_Usaha_Milik_Negara" title="Badan Usaha Milik Negara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Badan Usaha Milik Negara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (atau BUMN) ialah badan usaha yang permodalannya seluruhnya
atau sebagian dimiliki oleh </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintah" title="Pemerintah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemerintah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Status pegawai badan usaha-badan
usaha tersebut adalah karyawan BUMN bukan pegawai negeri. BUMN sendiri sekarang
ada 3 macam yaitu Perjan, Perum dan Persero.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perjan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perjan
adalah bentuk badan usaha milik </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara" title="Negara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">negara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang seluruh modalnya dimiliki oleh pemerintah. Perjan ini
berorientasi pelayanan pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">masyarakat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, Sehingga selalu merugi. Sekarang
sudah tidak ada perusahaan BUMN yang menggunakan model perjan karena besarnya
biaya untuk memelihara perjan-perjan tersebut sesuai dengan Undang Undang (UU)
Nomor 19 tahun 2003 tentang BUMN. Contoh Perjan: PJKA (Perusahaan Jawatan
Kereta Api) kini berganti menjadi PT.KAI</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perum</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perum
adalah perjan yang sudah diubah. Tujuannya tidak lagi berorientasi pelayanan
tetapi sudah profit oriented. Sama seperti Perjan, perum di kelola oleh negara
dengan status pegawainya sebagai Pegawai Negeri. Namun perusahaan masih merugi
meskipun status Perjan diubah menjadi Perum, sehingga pemerintah terpaksa
menjual sebagian </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saham" title="Saham"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">saham</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Perum tersebut kepada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masyarakat" title="Masyarakat"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">publik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (go public) dan statusnya diubah
menjadi persero.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persero</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persero
adalah salah satu Badan Usaha yang dikelola oleh Negara atau Daerah. Berbeda
dengan Perum atau Perjan, tujuan didirikannya Persero yang pertama adalah
mencari keuntungan dan yang kedua memberi pelayanan kepada umum. Modal
pendiriannya berasal sebagian atau seluruhnya dari kekayaan negara yang
dipisahkan berupa saham-saham. Persero dipimpin oleh direksi. Sedangkan
pegawainya berstatus sebagai pegawai swasta. Badan usaha ditulis PT < nama
perusahaan > (Persero). Perusahaan ini tidak memperoleh fasilitas negara.
Jadi dari uraian di atas, ciri-ciri Persero adalah:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan utamanya mencari laba
(Komersial)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modal sebagian atau seluruhnya
berasal dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan yang berupa saham-saham</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dipimpin oleh direksi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pegawainya berstatus sebagai
pegawai swasta</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Badan usahanya ditulis PT (nama
perusahaan) (Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak memperoleh fasilitas
negara</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh perusahaan yang mempunyai
badan usaha Persero antara lain:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Bank Rakyat Indonesia
(Persero) Tbk.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Garuda Indonesia (Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Angkasa Pura (Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Perusahaan Pertambangan dan
Minyak Negara (Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Tambang Bukit Asam (Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Aneka Tambang (Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Pelayaran Nasional Indonesia
(Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara
(Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Pos Indonesia (Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Kereta Api Indonesia
(Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Adhi Karya (Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara
(Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Perusahaan Perumahan
(Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Waskitha Karya (Persero)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia
(Persero)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BUMS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Badan
Usaha Milik Swasta atau BUMS adalah badan usaha yang didirikan dan dimodali
oleh seseorang atau sekelompok orang. Berdasarkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/UUD_1945" title="UUD 1945"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">UUD 1945</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pasal 33, bidang- bidang usaha yang
diberikan kepada pihak swasta adalah mengelola sumber daya ekonomi yang
bersifat tidak vital dan strategis atau yang tidak menguasai hajat hidup orang
banyak. Berdasarkan bentuk hukumnya Badan usaha milik swasta dibedakan
atas :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perusahaan
Persekutuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perusahaan persekutuan adalah
perusahaan yang memiliki 2 pemodal atau lebih. Ada 3 bentuk perusahaan
persekutuan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 9.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Firma</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Firma
(Fa) adalah badan usaha yang didirikan oleh 2 orang atau lebih dimana tiap-
tiap anggota bertanggung jawab penuh atas perusahaan. Modal firma berasal dari
anggota pendiri serta laba/ keuntungan dibagikan kepada anggota dengan
perbandingan sesuai akta pendirian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Persekutuan komanditer</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persekutuan
Komanditer (commanditaire vennootschap atau CV) adalah suatu persekutuan yang
didirikan oleh 2 orang atau lebih. Persekutuan komanditer mengenal 2 istilah
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekutu aktif adalah anggota yang
memimpin/ menjalankan perusahaan dan bertanggung jawab penuh atas utang- utang
perusahaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sekutu pasif / sekutu komanditer adalah anggota yang hanya menanamkan
modalnya kepada sekutu aktif dan tidak ikut campur dalam urusan operasional
perusahaan. Sekutu pasif bertanggung jawab atas risiko yang terjadi sampai
batas modal yang ditanam. Keuntungan yang diperoleh dari perusahaan dibagikan
sesuai kesepakatan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perseroan
terbatas</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perseroan
terbatas (PT) adalah badan usaha yang modalnya diperoleh dari hasil penjualan
saham. Setiap pemegang surat saham mempunyai hak atas perusahaan dan setiap
pemegang surat saham berhak atas keuntungan (dividen).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yayasan</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yayasan
adalah suatu badan usaha, tetapi tidak merupakan perusahaan karena tidak
mencari keuntungan. Badan usaha ini didirikan untuk sosial dan berbadan hukum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Badan Usaha<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
perusahaan perseorangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan:</span></i></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seluruh laba menjadi miliknya.
Bentuk perusahaan perseorangan memungkinkan pemilik menerima 100% laba
yang dihasilkan perusahaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kepuasan Pribadi. Prinsip satu
pimpinan merupakan alasan yang baik untuk mengambil keputusan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebebasan dan Fleksibilitas.
Pemilik perusahaan perseorangan tidak perlu berkonsultasi dengan orang
lain dalam mengambil keputusan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sifat Kerahasiaan. Tidak perlu
dibuat laporan keuangan atau informasi yang berhubungan dengan masalah
keuangan perusahaan. Dengan demikian masalah tersebut tidak dapat
dimanfaatkan oleh pesaing.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kelemahan:</span></i></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggung jawab pemilik tidak
terbatas. Artinya seluruh kekayaan pribadinya termasuk sebagai jaminan
terhadap seluruh utang perusahaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber keuangan terbatas.
Karena pemiliknya hanya satu orang, maka usaha-usaha yang dilakukan untuk
memperoleh sumber dana hanya bergantung pada kemampuannya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesulitan dalam manajemen.
Semua kegiatan seperti pembelian, penjualan, pembelanjaan, pengaturan karyawan
dan sebagainya dipegang oleh seorang pimpinan. Ini lebih sulit apabila
manajemen dipegang oleh beberapa orang.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelangsungan usaha kurang
terjamin. Kematian pimpinan atau pemilik, bangkrut, atau sebab-sebab lain
dapat menyebabkan usaha ini berhenti kegiatannya.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Badan Usaha Firma</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan </span></i></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena jumlah modalnya lebih
besar dibandingkan dengan </span><a href="http://www.dokterbisnis.net/2009/09/23/kelebihan-dan-kelemahan-jenis-usaha-perseorangan/" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">usaha perseorangan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, badan usaha firma lebih mudah untuk memperluas
usahanya.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemampuan manajemen badan usaha
firma lebih besar karena adanya permbagian kerja di antara para anggota.
Semua keputusannya diambil bersama-sama.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Badan usaha firma tidak
memerlukan akte, jadi pendiriannya relatif lebih mudah.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan</span></i></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggung jawab pemilik tidak
terbatas terhadap seluruh utang perusahaan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila salah seorang anggota
membatalkan perjanjian untuk menjalankan usaha bersama maka secara
otomatis badan usaha firma menjadi bubar sehingga kelangsungan perusahaan
tidak menentu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo13; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika salah satu anggota membuat
kerugian, maka kerugian tersebut juga ditanggung oleh anggota yang lain.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.Persekutuan Komanditer (CV)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan </span></i></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Modal yang dikumpulkan lebih
besar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anda lebih mudah menerima
suntikan dana dikarenakan badan usaha persekutuan komanditer sudah cukup
populer di Indonesia.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemampuan manajemennya lebih
besar.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendiriannya relatif lebih
mudah jika dibandingkan dengan </span><a href="http://www.dokterbisnis.net/2009/12/01/kelebihan-dan-kelemahan-perseroan-terbatas-pt/" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perseroan terbatas (PT)</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan </span></i></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seperti yang telah saya
terangkan diatas, sebagian anggota atau sekutu di persekutuan komanditer
mempunyai tanggung jawab tidak terbatas.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelangsungan hidupnya tidak
menentu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo15; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sulit untuk menarik kembali
modal yang telah ditanam, terutama bagi sekutu pimpinan.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.Perseroan Terbatas (PT)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan </span></i></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tanggung jawab yang terbatas
dari para pemegang saham terhadap utang-utang perusahaan. Maksudnya adalah
jika anda termasuk pemegang saham dan kebetulan perusahaan punya utang,
anda hanya bertanggung jawab sebesar modal yang anda setorkan. Tidak
lebih.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelangsungan perusahaan sebagai
badan hukum lebih terjamin, sebab tidak tergantung pada beberapa pemilik.
Pemilik dapat berganti-ganti.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mudah untuk memindahkan hak
milik dengan menjual saham kepada orang lain.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mudah memperoleh tambahan modal
untuk memperluas volume usahanya, misalnya dengan mengeluarkan saham baru.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l18 level1 lfo16; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manajemen dan spesialisasinya
memungkinkan pengelolaan sumber-sumber modal untuk itu secara efisien.
Jadi jika anda mempunyai manajer tidak cakap, anda bisa ganti dengan yang
lebih cakap.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelemahan </span></i></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT merupakan subyek pajak
tersendiri. Jadi tidak hanya perusahaan yang terkena pajak. Dividen atau
laba bersih yang dibagikan kepada para pemegang saham dikenakan pajak lagi
sebagai pajak pendapatan. Tentunya dari pemegang saham yang bersangkutan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika anda akan mendirikan
perseroan terbatas, pendiriannya jauh lebih sulit dari bentuk kepemilikan
usaha lainnya. Dalam pendiriannya, PT memerlukan akte notaris dan ijin
khusus untuk usaha tertentu.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biaya pembentukannya relatif
tinggi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagi sebagian besar orang, PT
dianggap kurang “secret” dalam hal dapur perusahaan. Hal ini disebabkan
karena segala aktivitas perusahaan harus dilaporkan kepada pemegang saham.
Apalagi yang menyangkut laba perusahaan.</span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.Perseroan Terbatas Negara (Persero)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihannya </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
mencari keuntungan dan yang kedua memberi pelayanan kepada umum. Modal
pendiriannya berasal sebagian atau seluruhnya dari kekayaan negara yang dipisahkan
berupa saham–saham.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangannya </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
Tidak memperoleh fasilitas Negara dan Pegawainya berstatus sebagai pegawai
swasta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.Perusahaan Daerah (PD)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihannya </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
keuntungan perusahaan untuk pembangunan daerah dan kekayaan perusahaan dipisahkan
dari kekayaan negara</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangannya </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
Pengelolaan BUMD sangat ditentukan oleh kemampuan keuangan daerah. Sejumlah
besar aturan (birokrasi) dapat menghambat pengembangan BUMD. Pengelolaan BUMN
secara ekonomis sulit untuk dipertanggungjawabkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.Perusahaan Negara Umum (Perum)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihannya </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">¯ Seluruh keuntungan perum menjadi
keuntungan Negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">¯ Menyediakan jasa-jasa bagi
masyarakat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">¯ Merupakan sarana untuk
melaksanakan pembangunan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangannya </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">v Perum juga memiliki
Kekurangan-Kekurangan adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">¯ Pengelolaan perum sangat
ditentukan oleh kemampuan keuangan Negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">¯ Sejumlah besar aturan (birokrasi)
dapat menghambat pengembangan perum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">¯ Pengelolaan perum secara ekonomis
sulit untuk dipertanggungjawabkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.Perusahaan Negara Jawatan (perjan)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kelebihan </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perjan
ialah modalnya terjamin yaitu dari negara. Tidak mencari keuntungan (profit)
karena mengutamakan pelayanan pada masyarakat, sehingga perjan tidak
terpengaruh oleh laba.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangannya, </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
sebagai suatu perusahaan kurang mandiri termasuk dalam pengembangannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.Koperasi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">kelebihan</span></i></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prinsip pengelolaan bertujuan
memupuk laba untuk kepentingan anggota. Misalnya koperasi pertanian
mendirikan pabik pengilingan padi.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anggota koperasi berperan sebagai
konsumen dan produsen.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dasar sukarela, orang terhimpun
dalam koperasi atau masuk menjadi anggota dengan dasar sukarela.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l9 level1 lfo18; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengutamakan kepentingan
Anggota.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan</span></i></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l19 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterbatasan dibidang
permodalan.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l19 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daya saing lemah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l19 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rendahnya kesaran berkoperasi pada
anggota.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l19 level1 lfo19; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kemampuan tenaga professional
dalam pengelolaan koperasi.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.Yayasan </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihannya </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
membantu masyarakat sosial dengan tidak mencari keuntungan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangannya </span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah
terbatasnya dana- dana yang di perlukan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perbedaan koperasi dan badan
usaha lainnya</span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: -8.1pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 709px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td nowrap="" style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="133">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimensi</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perorangan</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Firma</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="155">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PT</span></b></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="163">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Koperasi</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.85pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengguna</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jasa</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bukan pemilik</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umumnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bukan pemilik</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">umumnya </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bukan pemilik</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.85pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="163">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umum / Anggota</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 26.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 26.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemilik Usaha</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Individu</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sekutu usaha</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pemegang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">saham</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="163">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anggota</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 26.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 26.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang punya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">hak suara</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tidak perlu</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">para sekutu</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pemegang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">saham</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="163">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anggota</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: .55in; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: .55in; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pelaksanaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Voting</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .55in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tidak perlu</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .55in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">biasanya menurut</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">besarnya modal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyertaan</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .55in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menurut besarnya</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">saham yang dimiliki</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">melalui RUPS</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: .55in; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="163">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">satu anggota satu suara dan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak boleh diwakilkan</span></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="height: 26.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 26.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penentuan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebijaksanaan</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">orang yang</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">bersangkutan</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">para sekutu</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">direksi</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="163">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pengurus</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 26.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 26.0pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Balas Jasa</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terhadap modal</span></div>
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<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tidak terbatas</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tidak terbatas</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">tidak terbatas</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 26.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="163">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terbatas</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td nowrap="" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext 1.0pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 99.75pt;" valign="bottom" width="133">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penerima</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keuntungan</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">orang ybs</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 1.5in;" valign="bottom" width="144">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">para sekutu</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">secara proporsional</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 116.5pt;" valign="bottom" width="155">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pemegang saham</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">secara proporsional</span></div>
</td>
<td nowrap="" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 122.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="163">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">anggota sesuai</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jasa/ partisipasi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-30093283194822173332013-02-03T16:38:00.000-08:002013-02-03T17:55:44.400-08:00PEMASARAN GLOBAL (PASAR DAN PEMBELI GLOBAL)<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PASAR DAN PEMBELI GLOBAL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seluruh
dunia sedang berkembang. Perkembangan pasar tercepat terjadi di pasar negara-negara
berkembang, yang mana sampai saat ini, tingkat perkembangan hampir sama dengan
negara negara industri kaya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerjasama
ekonomi dan pengaturan istimewa dalam perdagangan</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sejak
berakhirnya perang dunia II terdapat minat yang luar biasa dalam kerjasama
ekonomi. Antusiasme untuk kerjasama ekonomi telah di pacu dengan suksesnya
masyarakat eropa, yang mendapat inspirasi dari ekonomi amerika serikat. Terdapat
berbagai tingkat kerjasama ekonomi, berkisar pada perjanjian antara dua negara
atau lebih untuk mengurangi hambatan terhadap perdagangan, sampai interogasi
ekonomi sepenuhnya dari ekonomi kedua negara atau lebih.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengaturn
istimewa yang paling terkenal di abad 20 adalah sitem perdagangan istimewa.
Sistem ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>penting bagi negara negara
seperti inggris, kanada, australia, selandia baru, india dan beberapa mantan
koloni inggris di afrika asia dan timur tengah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Free Trade Area</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Free Trade Area</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(FTA = <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">wilayah perdagangan bebas</i>)
adalah sekelompok negara yang setuju untuk menghilangkan semua hambatan
internal terhadap perdagangan diantara anggotanya. Negara anggota dari wilayah
perdagangan bebas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat mempertahankan
kebijakan perdagangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>independen dengan
negara ketiga. Untuk menghindari penyimpangan perdagangan yang menguntungkan
negara dengan bea masuk rendah (mengimpor barang di negara anggota<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang bea masuknya paling rendah untuk dikirim
ke ke negara negara di wilayah tersebut dengan bea masuk eksternal yang lebih
tinggi)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keseragaman pabean (Costum union)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keseragaman pabean adalah evolusi
logis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari wilayah perdagangan bebas.
Sebagai tambahan dari di hapuskannya hambatan internal untuk perdagangan, para
anggota keseragaman pabean setuju untuk menegakkan hambatan eksternal umum.
Contohnya; american common market, souhern cone common market dan andean group.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasar bersama</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sebuah pasar bersama untuk
menghapuskan penghalang penghalang internal untuk melakukan perdagangan dan
membuka penghalang eksternal bersama bagi tahpan penting selanjutnya dalam
menghapuskan penhalang penghalang aliran faktor (tenaga kerja dan modal) di
pasar tersebut. Pasar bersama mengakibatkan terjadinya penghapusan penghalang tarif
internal dan membuka penhalang eksternal bersama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uni ekonomi (economic union)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Evolusi penuh dari uni ekonomi akan
termasuk penciptaan satu bank sentral tunggal, penggunaan mata uang tunggal dan
kebijakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bersama dalam pertanian,
pelayanan dan kesejahteraan, perkembangan regional, transpor, pajak, persaiangan
dan merjer konstruksi dan pembangunan, dan seterusnya. Uni okonomi yang sudah
berkembang lengkap membutuhkan kesatuan politik yang eksatenti, yang membuat
keadaan serupa dengan sebuah negara.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Organisasi perdagangan dunia dan GATT</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">General
agreement on tariffs and trade</i> adalah kontrak yang mengikat antara 125
negara yang mempunyai tujuan untuk mempromosikan perdagangan diantara para
anggotanya. GATT bertujuan untuk menjadi suatu inisiatif global da
multilateral, dan para negosiator GATT benar benar sukses meliberasisakan
perdagangan barang di dunia ini. GATT juga adalah organsasi yang menangani 300
perselisihan perdagangan kebanyakan adalah untuk makanan, selama separuh abad
kehadirannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerjasama
Ekonomi Regional</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selain
inisiatif multilateral dari GATT, berbagai negara disetiap kawasan dunia
mengarah pada hambatan yang lebih kecil terhadap perdagangan didalam regional
masing-masing. Bagian berikut menguraikan persetujuan kerjasama ekonomi
regional utama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap
bulan november, perwakilan dari 18 negara yang saling bertetangga di lautan
pacific bertemu secara formal itu membahas prospek liberisasi perdagangan
secara koleektif, negara-negara yang merupakan anggota forum Asia-Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) menguasai sekitar 40 % perdagangan dunia 38%
populasi dunia dan 52% output perdagangan dunia. APEC memberikan kesempatan
untuk diskusi tahunan dengan orang-orang beragam kegiatan : Akademisi dan
Eksekutif bisnis, mentri dan kepala pemerintahan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">North American Free Trade Agrement
(NAFTA)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di
tahun 1988 Amerika serikat menandatangani perjanjian perdagangan bebas dengan
kanada (U.S Canada Free Trade Agrement CFTA) yang diperluas di tahun 1993.
Untuk menyertakan meksiko. NAFTA menciptakan wilayah perdagangan bebas dengan
populasi 381 juta jiwa dan Produk Nasional Bruto $7,6 triliun di tahun 1995. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Association of South East Asian Nations
(ASEAN)</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Association
of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) adalah sebuah organisasi untuk kerjasama
ekonomi, politik, sosial dan budaya. Diantara ke 9 negara anggota : Indonesia,
Brunei, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Filipina, Singapura, Thailand dan Vietnam.
ASEAN didirikan pada tahun 1967 dengan penandatanganan deklarasi bangkok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelompok
ASEAN meliputi 356 juta penduduk dan PNB sebesar $675 Milliar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Perkapita diantara negara-negara anggota
ASEAN pada tahun 1997 berkisar dari $ 22.700 di singapura sampai $900 untuk
indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Uni Eropa</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Uni Eropa didirikan dengan
perjanjian roma di bulan januari 1958 enam negara anggota semula adalah Belgia,
Prancis, Belanda, Italia, Luksemburg, dan Jerman Barat. Ditahun 1973 inggris,
denmark dan irlandia bergabung, diikuti oleh yunani ditahun 1981 serta Spanyol
dan portugal ditahun 1986 mulai 1 januari 1995 tiga anggota baru bergabung
yaitu finlandia, swedia dan Austria.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik
Pasar Regional</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat
berbagai cara untuk membagi negara-negara didunia menjadi pasar regional yang
berbeda-beda. Sebenarnya mendefinisikan pasar regional merupakan usaha untuk
mengelompokkan negara dimana persamaan dalam kelompok dan perbedaan kelompok
akan tampak semaksimal mungkin.pasar nasional dikelompokkan berdasarkan pada
kedekatan geografik. Survei ringkas dari setiap regional disajikan. Jepang
diamati lebih terinci sebagai contoh dari analisis yang lebih mendalam.
Pendekatan pengelompokkan yang sederhana adalah untuk menggunakan suatu
penilaian secara sederhana menyangkut kriteria yang penting atau Relevan.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemasaran
Negara Berkembang</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan akan barang dan jasa
merupakan masalah sentral di negara-negara berkembang dan kebutuhan paling
menekan adalah memperluas produksi. Pemasaran adalah disiplin yang menjadi
pedoman dalam proses mengidentifikasi dan menuai kebutuhan dan keingian
masyarakat. Jelas, pemasaran diperlukan di negara berkembang.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peluang jangka panjang dapat
dipertahankan dinegara-negara berkembang. Sekarang ini Nike Inc, hanya
memproduksi dan menjual sebagian kecil dari Outpunya dicina; tetapi kalau
perusahaan itu mengacu cina sebagai “pasar dua milliar kaki" jelas negara
itu mempunyai masa depan tekanan persaiangan yang lebih besar akan memaksa
perusahaan untuk mengefaluasi ulang strategi mereka dan mencari pasar baru
dinegara-negara berkembang. Bahkan beberapa negara-negara berkembang yang
tumbuh dengan cepat mengawali bisnis dinegara yang tertinggal didalamnya pasar
yang makin berkembang dapat hilang akibat sikap acuh tak acuh dan pesaing Asin
akan masuk terlebih dahulu. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Pembeli global</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap pembeli adalah unik, dan semua
pembeli menjalani proses yang sama dalam melakukan keputusan pembelian. Jadi
meskipun para pembeli dinegara-negara dan kawasan dunia yang berbeda menjalani
proses yang sama dalam melakukan keputusan pembelian mereka, mereka akan
melakukan pembelian yang berbeda karena mereka akan merespon keunikan ekonomi, sosial
dan budaya, politik dan pemerintahan, lingkungan, persainagan, dan
faktor-faktor pribadi yang mempengaruhi keputusan-keputusan pembeli. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bagi
setiap organisasi yang beroprasi dimana saja didunia ini intisari pemasaran
adalah untuk mengungguli persaingan dalam tugasnya menciptakan nilai yang bisa
dirasakan bagi para pelanggan </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rencana Pemasaran Global</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Setiap negara didunia ini adalah berdaulat dan unik, dan
terdapat kemiripan diantara negara-negara yang berada dalam kawasan yang sama
atau tingkat Perkembangannya sama yang membuat kedua pemdekatan tingkat kawasan
dan pasar tersebut menjadi dasar perencenaan pemasaran dalam bab ini, material
organisasi tersebut meliputi seluruh kawasan geografi. Hal itu diorganisasikan
diseluruh tingkat perkembangan ekonomi. Penting bagi pemasar memiliki pandangan
yang luas mengenai keadaan alamiah kawasan-kawasan yang ada didunia ini
sehingga mereka tidak akan membuat kesalahan serius dalam mengembangkan
pemasaran mereka. Dalam kebanyakan kasus, perusahaan disarankan untuk
menyiapkan dengan baik rencana-rencana mereka yang berkaitan dengan kawasan,
perkembangan, dan negara.</span></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-65077124749195827962013-01-31T02:33:00.001-08:002013-01-31T02:36:24.950-08:00LAPORAN PRAKTIKUM HORTIKULTURA TANAMAN HIAS DAN SAYURAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman Hias</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buat seseorang, hobi adalah sesuatu
yang tidak akan pernah bisa dinilai dengan uang. Orang tidak akan sayang
membelanjakan puluhan bahkan ratusan juta rupiah hanya untuk memenuhi hobi
mereka. Para <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pecinta tanaman hias</span>
juga memiliki pola pikir yang sama. Buat mereka, apalah arti uang sekian rupiah
untuk mendapatkan kepuasan memiliki tanaman </span><a href="http://chord-five.blogspot.com/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hias</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yang cantik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tanaman
hias</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> mencakup
semua </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tumbuhan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, baik
berbentuk </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merambat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Merambat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">merambat</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semak" title="Semak"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">semak</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdu" title="Perdu"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">perdu</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, ataupun </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohon" title="Pohon"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pohon</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, yang sengaja ditanam orang sebagai
komponen </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman" title="Taman"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">taman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebun" title="Kebun"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kebun</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> rumah, penghias ruangan, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upacara" title="Upacara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">upacara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, komponen </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tata_rias&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tata rias (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">riasan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">/</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busana" title="Busana"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">busana</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, atau sebagai komponen </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karangan_bunga" title="Karangan bunga"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">karangan bunga</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bunga_potong&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bunga potong (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Bunga potong</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> pun dapat dimasukkan sebagai
tanaman hias. Dalam konteks umum, tanaman hias adalah salah satu dari
pengelompokan berdasarkan fungsi dari tanaman </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hortikultura" title="Hortikultura"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hortikultura</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Bagian
yang dimanfaatkan orang tidak semata bunga, tetapi kesan keindahan yang
dimunculkan oleh tanaman ini. Selain </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga" title="Bunga"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bunga</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (warna dan aroma), </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" title="Daun"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">daun</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah" title="Buah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">buah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batang" title="Batang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">batang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, bahkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepagan" title="Pepagan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pepagan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dapat
menjadi komponen yang dimanfaatkan. Sebagai contoh, beberapa ranting tumbuhan
yang mengeluarkan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroma" title="Aroma"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">aroma</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> segar dapat
diletakkan di ruangan untuk mengharumkan ruangan dapat menjadikannya sebagai
tanaman hias.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsitektur" title="Arsitektur"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">arsitektur</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> lengkap,
bentuk dan penempatan tanaman hias menjadi pertimbangan yang penting. Isu
lainnya yang penting dalam tanaman hias adalah habitat alami yang disukai
tumbuhan tersebut serta bentuk </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajuk" title="Tajuk"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tajuk</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yang dimilikinya. Dalam pengertian
ini, tanaman hias dapat mencakup pula tanaman tepi jalan serta tanaman penaung
(di ruang terbuka).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karena tanaman hias dikelompokkan
berdasarkan fungsinya, tidak menutup kemungkinan bahwa suatu tanaman sayuran,
tanaman obat, atau tanaman buah menjadi tanaman hias, atau sebaliknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Itu sebabnya, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">pasar tanaman hias</span>
tidak pernah sepi peminat dan selalu bergerak aktif, bahkan pada saat krisis
keuangan sekalipun. Industri tanaman hias selalu menggeliat karena orang tidak
akan mengukur uang mereka dengan skala volume. Skala ukuran yang digunakan
pecinta tanaman adalah kepuasan. Kepuasan mereka tidak akan terbayar tanpa bisa
mendapatkan tanaman yang diinginkan, walaupun tanaman tersebut berharga sangat
mahal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal ini menyebabkan industri tanaman hias tidak pernah kehilangan peminat.
Pembeli akan tetap berjubel untuk mendapatkan tanaman yang sesuai dengan selera
mereka. Di sisi lain, para pengusaha tanaman juga merasa bahwa usaha ini sangat
layak dan menarik untuk dikembangkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level3 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sayuran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 27.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: .75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sayuran merupakan komoditi yang
berprospek cerah, karena dibutuhkan sehari hari dan permintaannya cenderung
terus meningkat Sebagaimana jenis </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: 1.5pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">tanaman hortikultura lainnya, kebanyakan tanaman
sayuran mempunyai nilai komersial yang cukup tinggi. Kenyataan ini dapat
dipahami sebab sayuran </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;">senantiasa
dikonsumsi setiap saat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sayuran</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan
sebutan umum bagi bahan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangan" title="Pangan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pangan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> asal </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumbuhan" title="Tumbuhan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tumbuhan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang biasanya
mengandung kadar </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" title="Air"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">air</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tinggi dan
dikonsumsi dalam keadaan segar atau setelah diolah secara minimal. Sebutan
untuk beraneka jenis sayuran disebut sebagai <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sayur-sayuran</span> atau <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sayur-mayur</span>.
Sejumlah sayuran dapat dikonsumsi mentah tanpa dimasak sebelumnya, sementara
yang lainnya harus diolah terlebih dahulu dengan cara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Perebusan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Perebusan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">direbus</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pengukusan&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Pengukusan (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">dikukus</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atau diuapkan, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggorengan" title="Penggorengan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">digoreng</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (agak jarang),
atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penyangraian&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Penyangraian (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">disangrai</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Sayuran berbentuk daun yang dimakan
mentah disebut sebagai </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalapan" title="Lalapan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lalapan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">"Sayuran" merupakan bentuk turunan dari kata
"</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayur" title="Sayur"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sayur</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">",
komponen pendamping nasi (atau pangan pokok lainnya) yang berkuah cair atau
agak kental. "Sayuran" adalah segala sesuatu yang berasal dari
tumbuhan (termasuk jamur) yang ikut dimasak bersama sayur tersebut; dengan
pengungkapan lain: segala sesuatu yang dapat atau layak disayur. Apabila
dimakan secara segar bagian tumbuhan itu biasanya disebut lalapan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Istilah "sayuran" tidak bersifat ilmiah.
Kebanyakan sayuran adalah bagian vegetatif dari tumbuhan, terutama </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daun" title="Daun"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">daun</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (juga beserta
tangkainya). Beberapa sayuran adalah bagian tumbuhan yang tertutup </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanah" title="Tanah"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tanah</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wortel" title="Wortel"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">wortel</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentang" title="Kentang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kentang</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobak" title="Lobak"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">lobak</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Terdapat pula
sayuran yang berasal dari organ generatif, seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunga" title="Bunga"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bunga</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (misalnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kecombrang" title="Kecombrang"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kecombrang</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turi" title="Turi"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">turi</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">), </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah" title="Buah"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">buah</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (misalnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terong" title="Terong"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">terong</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapri" title="Kapri"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kapri</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">), dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biji" title="Biji"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">biji</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (misalnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buncis" title="Buncis"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">buncis</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacang_merah" title="Kacang merah"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kacang merah</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">). Bagian
tumbuhan lainnya yang juga dianggap sayuran adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tongkol_jagung" title="Tongkol jagung"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tongkol jagung</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Meskipun
bukan tumbuhan, bagian </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamur" title="Jamur"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">jamur</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang dapat
dimakan juga digolongkan sebagai sayuran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Walaupun berkadar air tinggi, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buah-buahan" title="Buah-buahan"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">buah-buahan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tidak dianggap
sayur-sayuran karena biasanya dikonsumsi karena rasanya yang manis dan tidak
cocok untuk disayur. Beberapa sayuran dapat pula menjadi bagian dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tumbuhan_obat&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Tumbuhan obat (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sumber pengobatan</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bumbu_masak&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Bumbu masak (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">bumbu masak</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rempah-rempah" title="Rempah-rempah"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">rempah-rempah</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sayuran dikonsumsi dengan cara yang sangat
bermacam-macam, baik sebagai bagian dari menu utama maupun sebagai makanan
sampingan. Kandungan nutrisi antara sayuran yang satu dan sayuran yang lain pun
berbeda-beda, meski umumnya sayuran mengandung sedikit protein atau lemak,
dengan jumlah vitamin, provitamin, mineral, fiber dan karbohidrat yang
bermacam-macam. Beberapa jenis sayuran bahkan telah diklaim mengandung zat
antioksidan, antibakteri, antijamur, maupun zat anti racun.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Namun, seringkali sayuran juga mengandung racun dan
antinutrients seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solanin" title="Solanin"><span lang="IN" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">α-solanin</span></a><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, α-chaconine</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">enzim inhibitor
(dari cholinesterase, protease, amilase, dsb), sianida dan sianida prekursor,
asam oksalat, dan banyak lagi. Tergantung pada konsentrasi, senyawa tersebut
dapat mengurangi sifat d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">t dimakan,
nilai gizi, dan manfaat kesehatan dari diet sayuran. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Cooking and/or other processing may be necessary to eliminate or reduce
them</i>. Memasak dan / atau pengolahan lainnya mungkin diperlukan untuk
menghilangkan atau mengurangi mereka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Melakukan diet dengan mengonsumsi jumlah sayuran dan
buah-buahan yang cukup dapat menurunkan risiko penyakit jantung dan diabetes
tahap Dengan diet ini pula, dapat membantu melawan kanker dan mengurangi
keropos tulang. Selain itu, dengan kita mengonsumsi zat potasium (banyak
ditemui pada buah dan sayur-mayur) akan membantu mencegah terbentuknya batu
ginjal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warna hijau yang ada pada daun sayuran berasal dari
adanya pigmen klorofil (zat hijau daun). Klorofil ini dipengaruhi oleh pH
(keasaman) dan berubah warna menjadi hijau olive dalam kondisi asam, dan
berubah menjadi hijau cerah dalam kondisi basa. Sejumlah asam tadi dikeluarkan
dari batang sayuran dalam proses memasak, khususnya bila dimasak tanpa penutup.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warna kuning/oranye yang ada pada buah-buahan berasal
dari zat yang bernama karotenoid. Dimana zat ini juga dipengaruhi oleh proses
memasak yang normal atau perubahan pH (zat asam).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warna merah/biru pada beberapa buah dan sayuran (contoh:
kubis merah dan buah blackberry) adalah karen zat anthocyanin, yang mana zat
ini sensitif terhadap perubahan pH. Ketika pH dalam keadaan netral, pigmen
berwarna ungu, ketika terdapat asam, menjadi merah, dalam kondisi basa, menjadi
biru. Pigmen ini sangat larut dalam air.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan
dan Kegunaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun
tujuan praktikum ini adalah untuk mengetahui tanggap pertumbuhan tanaman Sawi,
yang dimulai dari persemaian sampai penanaman hingga pemeliharaan. Anggrek,
Pemindahan dari tanaman lama ke tempat yang baru dan Daun Dollar,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang dilakukan penanaman secara stek Daun.
dan Pemberian Zat Pengatur Tumbuh</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegunaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat mengetahui tingkat pertumbuhan tanaman, sawi,
dollar dan anggrek dengan menggunakan media tanam organik serta pemberian
Hormon yang dapat mengatur pertumbuhan tanaman tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN
PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Tanaman
Hias </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anggrek</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anggrek merupakan salah satu kekayaan
hayati indonesia yang panoramanya tidak kalah dengan tanaman hias lain. Anggrek
tergolong famili <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">orchidaceae</i>, famili
ini merupakan salah satu famili tanaman hias yang paling besar, paling beraneka
ragam dan paling menarik. Selain itu tanaman anggrek termasuk tanaman yang
mempunyai kecepatan tumbuh relatif lambat, kecepatan tumbuh berbeda-beda pada
setiap jenis anggrek. Hal ini sangat berpengaruh terhadap pemeliharaan tanaman
Anggrek yang berorientasi pada produksi bunga.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stuktur
tanaman anggrek terdiri dari akar, batang, daun dan bunga. Sifat-sifat khas
tanaman dari family Orchidaceae terlihat pada karakter akar , batang, daun,
bunga, buah dan bijinya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi
Tanaman Anggrek :</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Kerajaan<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Plantae</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Divisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Magnoliophyta</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Liliopsida</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Asparagales</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Famili<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Orchidaceae</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Coelogyne</div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Spesies<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Coelogyne pandurata</i> </div>
<div style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Nama binomial<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i>Coelogyne pandurata</i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bunga
Anggrek merupakan jenis tanaman hias yang bunganya indah, sehingga banyak orang
yang mencoba </span><a href="http://budidaya-petani.blogspot.com/2012/09/budidaya-bunga-anggrek.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">budidaya anggrek</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> secara luas di masyarakat. Mungkin
alasan lain orang melakukan budidaya anggrek karena mempunyai nilai ekonomis.
Untuk jenis anggrek bermacam jenisnya ada yang namanya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vanda tricolor</i> yang banyak di daerah Jawa Barat dan Kaliurang, ada
yang namanya <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Vanda hookeriana</i> yang
banyak dijumpai di daerah Sumatera. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manfaat
Anggrek adalah untuk tanaman hias, selain itu juga dapat digunakan untuk
kesehatan misalnya untuk diare. Bunga anggrek perlu tumbuh secara baik dan
optimal sehingga diperlukan suatu syarat untuk tumbuh tanaman anggrek misalnya
memperhatikan iklimnya, media tanam anggrek dan ketinggian tempatnya yang
cocok. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal
yang perlu diperhatikan yang berkaitan dengan iklim misalnya suhu yang
diperlukan, yang berkaitan dengan media tanam dapat dengan 3 jenis media tanam
sedangkan ketinggian tempat yang cocok yaitu dengan memperhatikan apakah
termasuk anggrek dingin atau anggrek panas. Selain syarat tumbuh di atas
tanaman anggrek tentunya harus mengetahui bibit yang bagus seperti apa, cara
penyemaian bibitnya bagai mana, cara memindahkannya, dan lain-lain. Bunga
Anggrek seperti halnya dengan tanaman lainnya akan diserang yang namanya hama
atau penyakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umur
tanaman anggrek berbunga, tergantung jenisnya. Umumnya tanaman angrek dewasa
berbunga setelah 1-2 bulan ditanam. Tangkai bunga yang dihasilkan kira-kira 2
tangkai dengan jumlah kuntum sebanyak 20-25 kuntum pertangkai. Untuk panen bunga
anggrek perlu diperhatikan, pemotongan dilakukan pada jarak 2 cm dari pangkal
tangkai bunga dengan menggunakan alat potong yang bersih. Bibit anggrek yang
sudah dewasa & sesudah 2 bulan tangkai bunga akan menghasilkan 2 tangkai dengan
jumlah kuntum 20-25 kuntum/tangkai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbanyakan tanaman Anggrek terdiri atas
dua Cara, yakni 1. Perbanyakan Generatif, perbanyakan melalui biji. 2.
Perbanyakan Vegetatif, umumnya menghasilkan keturunan yang sifatnya sama dengan
induknya. Perbanyakan vegetatif dapat melalui : a). Pemisahan rumpun. b).
Menggunakan keki. c). Menggunakan Stek. d). Kultur jaringan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stuktur tanaman anggrek terdiri dari
akar, batang, daun dan bunga. Sifat-sifat khas tanaman dari family Orchidaceae
terlihat pada karakter akar , batang, daun, bunga, buah dan bijinya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 250%;">Dollar (<i>Ficus pumila</i> L.)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanaman hias yang dikenal dengan
nama Dolar ini cukup banyak menghiasi ruang tamu, teras rumah maupun ruangan di
gedung-gedung perkantoran. Selain penampilannya yang menarik <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zamiocurcas</i> merupakan tanaman yang tahan
ditempatkan di dalam ruangan selama berminggu-minggu dan perawatannya pun
mudah. Tinggi maksimal tanaman ini juga cukup ideal sebagai tanaman indoor yang
tidak lebih dari 75 cm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanaman Dollar dapat di
Klasifikasikan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Klasifikasi</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kingdom<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Plantae (Tumbuhan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sub kingdom<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tracheobionta (Tumbuhan berpembuluh)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Super Divisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Spermatophyta (Menghasilkan biji)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Divisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Magnoliophyta (Tumbuhan berbunga)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Magnoliopsida (berkeping dua / dikotil)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sub Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dilleniidae</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Urticales</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Famili<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plantsearch=Moraceae"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Moraceae</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(suku nangka-nangkaan)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plantsearch=Ficus"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ficus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Spesies<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><i>Ficus pumila</i> L.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Zamiocurcas</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
merupakan tanaman import yang diperkenalkan di Indonesia sekitar tahun 1996.
Walaupun sebenarnya di Indonesia sendiri sudah ada jenis lokal yaitu <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zamia zamiifolia</i>. Bedanya jenis lokal
pertumbuhannya lebih cepat dan sering ditanam di taman karena lebih bersahabat
dengan sinar matahari dibanding dengan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Zamiocurcas</i>
jenis import. Oleh para penjual tanaman hias, kini satu batang tanaman dolar
setinggi 40-75 cm dijual dengan harga berkisar antara Rp 20 ribu hingga 45
ribu. Harga ini sudah tidak terlalu mahal dibandingkan dengan ketika pertama
kali datang ke Indonesia, tanaman ini dijual dengan harga berkisar antara Rp 50
ribu hingga Rp 100 ribu setiap batangnya setinggi 30-75 cm.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada beberapa teknik perbanyakan
yang bisa dilakukan pada tanaman ini. Yang lazim dilakukan adalah stek daun,
stek batang dan pemisahan anakan. Tanaman yang sudah mencapai tinggi antara
60-75 cm biasanya akan tumbuh anakan disamping bonggolnya. Ketika anakan ini
sudah mencapai tinggi ± 20-30 cm, itu berarti sudah siap untuk dipisahkan dari
induknya.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: blue; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertumbuhan akar lebih cepat, tidak tahan sinar
matahari, Tanaman dolar lebih menyukai tempat teduh seperti di dalam rumah
ataupun di teras. Kalaupun diletakkan di luar rumah tanaman ini harus diberi
naungan, baik itu naungan alami berupa pohon rindang, juga bisa berupa naungan
buatan seperti paranet atau atap plastik transparant. Sinar matahari langsung
akan menyebabkan daun-daun dolar menjadi gosong dan tidak mengkilat. Oleh
karena itu tanaman ini lebih cocok sebagai tanaman indoor. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rubatzky dan
Yamaguchi, 1998)</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anthurium (</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anthurium Andraeanum)</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">Anthurium
merupakan tanaman hias yang memiliki daya tarik melalui bentuk daun maupun
bunganya yang indah, selain itu anthurium memiliki daya tarik lain yaitu
harganya yang sangat mahal baik bibit maupun anakan. Walaupun dari segi
pemeliharaannya sangat sulit tetapi banyak dari kalangan hobiis pecinta tanaman
hias menjalani bisnis ini. Tetapi sangat sulit untuk melakukannya apabila tidak
ada media yang dapat digunakan sebagai pembelajaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anthurium dapat di Klasifikasikan sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kingdom<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Plantae</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Divisi<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Magnoliophyta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Liliopsida</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alismatales</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Famili<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Araceae</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Genus<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Anthurium</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Spesies<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i>Anthurium andraeanum</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Anthurium</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
termasuk tanaman dari keluarga </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Araceae</span></i></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Tanaman berdaun indah ini masih berkerabat dengan sejumlah tanaman hias populer
semacam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglaonema" title="Aglaonema"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">aglaonema</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philodendron" title="Philodendron"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">philodendron</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keladi_hias" title="Keladi hias"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">keladi
hias</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alokasia&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alokasia (страница не существует)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">alokasia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
dalam keluarga <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">araceae,</i> anthurium
adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">genus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dengan jumlah jenis terbanyak. Diperkirakan ada sekitar 1000 jenis anggota
marga anthurium. Tanaman ini termasuk jenis tanaman <i>evergreen</i> atau tidak
mengenal masa </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dormansi" title="Dormansi"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dormansi</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
dialam, biasanya tanaman ini hidup secara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epifit" title="Epifit"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">epifit</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
dengan menempel di batang pohon. Dapat juga hidup secara </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terestrial" title="Terestrial"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">terestrial</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
di dasar hutan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daya tarik utama dari anthurium adalah bentuk
daunnya yang indah, unik, dan bervariasi. Daun umumnya berwarna hijau tua
dengan urat dan tulang daun besar dan menonjol. Sehingga membuat sosok tanaman
ini tampak kekar namun tetap memancarkan keanggunan tatkala dewasa. Tidak heran
bila tanaman ini memiliki kesan mewah dan eksklusif. dimasa lalu, anthurium
banyak menjadi hiasan taman dan istana kerajaan-kerajaan di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Konon, dipuja sebagai tanaman para </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja" title="Raja"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">raja</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara umum anthurium dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu
jenis anthurium daun dan jenis anthurium bunga. Anthurium daun memiliki daya
pikat terutama dari bentuk-bentuk daunya yang istimewa. Sedangkan anthurium
bunga lebih menonjolkan keragaman bunga baik hasil </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hibrid&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Hibrid (страница не существует)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hibrid</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
maupun spesies. Biasanya jenis anthurium bunga dijadikan untuk bunga potong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anthurium merupakan tanaman asli dari daerah tropis yang telah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menyebar ke seluruh penjuru dunia. <span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;">Di Indonesia, Anthurium telah dikenal sejak masa
penjajahan Belanda sebagai tanaman introduksi. Bagi sebagian </span>orang,
Anthurium dianggap sebagai tanaman yang mudah dibudidayakan <span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;">karena secara alami, Anthurium memiliki toleransi
yang luas pada berbagai </span>kondisi lahan. Namun, untuk menciptakan
pertumbuhan optimal dalam <span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;">kegiatan budidaya
tanaman, Anthurium memerlukan perlakuan khusus. Untuk itu, dalam laporan
ini akan dipaparkan mengenai budidaya Anthurium, diharapkan dapat mencapai
kondisi yang sesuai dan mendukung pertumbuhan dan perkembangan Anthurium secara
optimal. (</span>Fatihagriculture, 2007)<span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sayuran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sawi </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(<i>Brassica juncea</i> L.)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sawi dapat di Klasifikasikan sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">K</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ingdom</span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Plantae</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Divisio<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spermatophyta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Subdivisio<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
Angiospermae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelas<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dicotyledonae</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ordo<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Brassicales</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Famili <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Brassicaceae
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Genus <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: Brassica</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Species <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>: <i>Brassica juncea </i><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">L</span>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tanaman sawi umumnya akar tunggang awalnya ramping, tumbuh menjadi kentara,
tetapi jika dipindah tanamkan, menjadi tidak terlihat dan menghasilkan sistem
perakaran yang melebar luas dan percabangan yang usangat halus, sebagian besar
perkembangan akar terjadi pada kedalaman 30 cm dari permukaan tanah. Tanaman
sawi memiliki batang sejati pendek dan tegap terletak pada bagian dasar yang
berada di dalam tanah. Batang sejati bersifat tidak keras dan berwarna kehijauan
atau keputih-putihan. Daun tanaman sawi berbentuk bulat atau bulat panjang
(lonjong) ada yang lebar dan sempit, ada yang berkerut – kerut (keriting),
tidak berbulu, berwarna hijau tua, hijau keputih – putihan sampai hijau tua. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Struktur bunga sawi terdiri dari 4 helai daun
kelopak berwarna hijau, 4 helai daun mahkota berwarna kuning, 4 helai benang
sari bertangkai panjang, 2 helai benang sari bertangkai pendek dan satu buah
putik yang beruang 2. selam 1-2 bulan tanaman sawi dapat berbunga terus dan jumlah
bunga yang dihasilkan mencapai lebih dari 500 kuntum. Tanaman sawi termasuk
mudah sekali kawin silang, tetapi sukar untuk mengadakan penyerbukan sendiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buah-buah
sawi berbentuk polong, panjang dan ramping berisi biji. Biji-bijinya bulat
kecil berwarna coklat sampai kehitam-hitaman. Biji-biji inilah yang digunakan
sebagai bahan perbanyakan tanaman sawi Biji tanaman sawi berbentuk bulat dengan
ukuran yang sangat kecil. Biji tanaman sawi berwarna kehitaman, dalam 1 bunga
terbentuk berpuluh-puluh biji. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sawi dapat ditanam di dataran tinggi maupun dataran
rendah. Akan tetapi, umumnya sawi diusahakan orang di dataran rendah, yaitu di
pekarangan, di ladang atau disawah, jarang diusahakan di daearah pegunungan.
Sawi termasuk tanaman sayuran yang tahan terhadap hujan. Sehingga, ia dapat
ditanam di sepanjang tahun, asalkan pada saat musim kemarau disediakan air yang
cukup untuk penyiraman. Pada mulanya sawi dikenal sebagai sayuran daerah dingin
(sub tropis, sehingga di Indonesia cocok ditanam didataran tinggi antara 1000 –
3000 m dpl yang suhu udaranya dingin dan lembab. Kisaran kelembaban antara 80 –
90%. Keadaan tanah yang dikehendaki adalah tanah gembur, banyak mengandung
humus, dan drainase baik dengan derajat kemasaman tanahnya (pH) berkisar antara
6-7. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri;">(Hardjowigeno, 1987).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAHAN DAN METODE</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tempat dan Waktu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Praktikum ini dilakukan di Laboratorium
Tanaman Hortikultura Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar.
Praktikum ini dilakukan pada <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bulan Oktober
Tahun 2012, sampai bulan Desember 2012.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alat
dan Bahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun bahan yang digunakan pada Praktikum
ini adalah benih sawi varietas Tosakan, bibit Anggrek, stek daun Dollar,
Anthurium, sebagai objek percobaan. Pupuk Kandang, Kompos, Pakis, Arang, Tanah,
sebagai media tanam. Rak gabus sebagai tempat persemaian Sawi, PolyBag, ZPT (Atonik)
pupuk <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Daun (Gandasil D), dan Air sebagai
media penyiraman.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun alat yang digunakan dalam Praktikum
percobaan ini adalah Pot Bunga, Mistar Untuk mengukur tanaman, Handsprayer untuk
Menyiram tanaman, alat tulis menulis sebagai tempat penulisan data.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Metode
Pelaksanaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level3 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anggrek</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada praktikum kali ini pemindahan
anggrek pertama-tama yang dilakukan adalah persiapan media (arang dan pakis).
Setelah media selesai dipersiapkan kemudian anggrek dimasukkan kedalam pot dan
kemudian disiram.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dollar</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika
kita menginginkan perbanyakan dengan stek daun, maka pilihlah daun berukuran
besar berkisar antara 5-10 cm. Tanam daun-daun ini dalam pot yang diberi media
pakis atau serbuk sabut kelapa (cocopeat). Dalam jangka waktu 2-3 bulan maka di
bawah daun-daun tersebut akan tumbuh bonggol bulat berwarna kuning yang
kemudian akan menjadi tunas. Setelah itu kita masih harus menunggu lagi sekitar
4-5 bulan lagi hingga tanaman setinggi 10 cm dan bisa di pindahkah ke pot yang
lebih besar. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anthurium</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam percobaanini kami hanya Melakukan
Persemaian Anthurium, dalam Persemaian, ada dua Faktor yang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">harus
diperhatikan yaitu :</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor Benih</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan agar benih mempunyai
standar mutu yang baik adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kesehatan dan pemenuhan nutrisi untuk induk..</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Saat panen yang tepat. Benih yang dipanen sudah masak
fisiologis.Masak fisologis dicapai ketika biji sudah keluar dari tongkolnya hingga
hampir jatuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perlakuan benih. Biji Anthurium dapat segera dilakukan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pembibitan setelah dipanen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biji
dapat direndam terlebih dahulu <span style="letter-spacing: -.75pt;">sebelum
disemaikan. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Faktor
lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal-hal yang harus diperhatikan agar benih dapat tumbuh
dengan baik dan menjadi benih yang tumbuh seragam dan sehat adalah :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media pembibitan. Media harus dalam bentuk yang lembut,
sehat,dan mampu memegang air cukup lama tanpa memberikan suasana jenuh air.
Pada umumnya media yang dipakai adalah saringan pakis yang lembut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu. Suhu yang sesuai untuk pertumbuhan bibit Anthurium
adalah 28-30 C.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelembaban. Kelembaban media dapat dijaga dengan
penyiraman pada siang dan sore hari dengan sprayer.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cahaya. Saat perkecambahan tidak dipengaruhi oleh
cahaya. Bila bibit sudah tumbuh daun, bibit dapat ditempatkan pada tempat yang
terkena oleh sinar matahari.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level3 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Sawi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada Percobaan sawi hal yang
pertama dilakukan adalah Persemaian.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Biji sawi disemai terlebih dahulu
dengan menggunakan media tanam tanah yang dicampur pupuk kandang dengan
perbandingan 3:1. Tempat persemaiannya adalah wadah kardus segi empat yang
dilapisi dengan kertas Koran, setelah tempatnya telah siap, media tersebut
dimasukkan kedalam wadah persemaian, lalu disiramkan air dan dilakukan
penaburan Benih Sawi. Setelah penaburan maka persemaian tersebut disimpan
ditempat yang terkena cahaya matahari. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pemindahan
tanaman dapat dilakukan setelah bibit berumur sekitar (21-28) hari. Penanaman
dilakukan dengan menggunakan Polybag, dengan media sekam, pupuk kandang, tanah
dan serbuk pakis, PolyBag tersebut diisi media dan dilakukan pemindahan tanaman
dengan 3 tanaman dalam 1 polybag. Dan disiram secara Teratur.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.2.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanaman Sayuran (Sawi) </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengamatan pertumbuhan morfologi
tanaman sawi dari 4 polybag, 2 polybag diambil sampel sebagai tanaman sawi yang
subur dan 2 lagi tanaman sawi yang tidak subur. Dari hasil telihat perbedaan
tinggi tanaman sawi, lebar daun dan jumlah daun. Beberapa faktor yang
menyebabkan perbedaan pertumbuhan tanaman sawi tersebut yaitu : </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor Cahaya </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cahaya bermanfaat bagi tanaman sawi terutama sebagai energi
yang nantinya digunakan untuk proses fotosintesis. Cahaya juga berperan dalam
proses pembentukan klorofil. Akan tetapi cahaya dapat bersifat sebagai
penghambat (inhibitor) pada proses pertumbuhan, sehingga ada perbedaan pada
tinggi tanaman. Hal ini terjadi karena cahaya dapat memacu difusi auksin ke
bagian yang tidak terkena cahaya. Sehingga, pada proses pertumbuhan tanaman
sawi yang kurang terkena cahaya matahari akan menyebabkan terjadinya etiolasi
dimana sawi tumbuh lebih panjang namun tidak subur pertumbuhannya sehingga
perbedaan tinggi tanaman terjadi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor Suhu </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suhu yang
cukup dapat mengoptimalkan kerja hormon-hormon tanaman sawi karena kerja
enzim/hormon (faktor internal) tumbuhan sangat dipengaruhi oleh suhu
lingkungan. Semakin panas atau dingin suhu lingkungan maka hormon tanaman sawi
tidak bekerja dan terjadi perbedaan jumlah daun pada tanaman sawi </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor Air dan Nutrisi </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air sangat diperlukan oleh tumbuhan sebagai media terjadinya
reaksi kimia, dan tanaman hijau yang kekurangan air lambat laun akan layu.
Sedangkan nutrisi pada media yang kurang mengakibatkan tanaman sawi tidak subur
sehingga terlihat terjadi pebedaan lebar daun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.2.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanaman Hias (Anggrek)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengamatan pertumbuhan morfologi
tanaman anggrek dari 8 pot, dari hasil pengamatan perbedaan tinggi tanaman
anggrek, jumlah daun dan jumlah anakan. Beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertumbuhan tanaman anggrek yang diamati
yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media
Tanam </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media tanam adalah bahan padat yang diperlukan tanaman
anggrek untuk melekatkan akarnya supaya tanaman dapat menetap dan tidak
bergerak. Sebelum digunakan sebagai media tanam, idealnya arang dipecah menjadi
potongan-potongan kecil terlebih dahulu sehingga memudahkan dalam penempatan di
dalam pot. Ukuran pecahan arang ini sangat bergantung pada wadah yang digunakan
untuk menanam serta jenis tanaman yang akan ditanam. Untuk mengisi wadah yang
memiliki diameter 15 cm atau lebih, umumnya digunakan pecahan arang yang berukuran
panjang 3 cm, lebar 2-3 cm, dengan ketebalan 2-3 cm. Untuk wadah (pot) yang
lebih kecil, ukuran pecahan arang juga harus lebih kecil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>agar dalam perkembangan anakan dari tanaman
anggrek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intensitas
Cahaya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cahaya memberikan peran utama terhadap pembentukan
karbohidrat pada proses fotosintesis, dan pembongkaran karbohidrat pada proses
respirasi yang akan menghasilkan energi yang digunakan untuk pertumbuhan
tanaman anggrek. Kekurangan intensitas cahaya akan mempengaruhi
pertumbuhan anggrek sehingga seperti pada tabel 2 terjadi pertumbuhan jumlah
daun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">K<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">elembapan udara </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelembaban udara adalah jumlah uap air yang terkandung di
udara (RH) <i>Relatif Umidity</i>. Umumnya semakin tinggi temperatur
mengakibatkan penguapan yang tinggi, sehingga kelembaban udara juga ikut
tinggi. Pada budidaya anggrek sebagian besar jenis anggrek menginginkan
kelembaban minimal 60%. Anggrek yang berada dikelembaban yang terlalu rendah
akan mengalami penguapan yang berlebih, sehingga terjadi <i>dehidrasi</i>.
Biasanya ditunjukkan dengan permukaan daun anggrek atau <i>Bulb</i> yang
mengerut kekuningan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temperatur
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Temperetur berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan pembungaan
anggrek. Setiap anggrek memiliki penyesuaian tertentu terhadap temperatur
sekitarnya. Dan akan mempengaruhi pertumbuhannya, baik pertumbuhan vegetatif
maupun pertumbuhan generatif. Misalnya dendrobium sangat sesuai ditanam
ditemperatur siang antara 28 - 32 <sup>o</sup>C dan bila di budidayakan di
kisaran temperatur 22 - 24 <sup>o</sup>C maka akan mengalami kemunduran
berbunga. Phalaenopsis menghendaki suhu yang optimal antara 18 - 24 <sup>o</sup>C.
Bila di budidayakan di daerah panas akan dominan pada pertumbuhan vegetatif,
dan kualitas bunga akan jelek. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sirkulasi
Udara </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sirkulasi udara memegang peranan penting dalam pertukaran O<sub>2</sub>
dan CO<sub>2</sub> dilingkungan. Selain itu sirkulasi udara juga berfungsi
mengendalikan kondisi kelembaban udara. Anggrek, bila di budidayakan pada
tempat dengan sirkulasi udara yang kurang baik, akan mengalami kelambaban
pertumbuhan dan pembungaan, dan lebih rentan terhadap serangan penyakit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.2.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stek daun (Dolar) </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengamatan
pertumbuhan stek daun tanaman daun dolar sejumlah 46 helai daun dari 46 helai
stek daun dolar yang tersisa untuk bisa hidup sebanyak 24 helai daun pada
pengamatan terakhir. Dari hasil di ketahui gagal atau matinya stek daun dolar
di akibatkan karena terjadi penggosongan pada daun yang di akibatkan terkena
matahari langsung karena daun dolar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tidak tahan sinar
matahari, tanaman dolar lebih menyukai tempat teduh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinar matahari langsung akan
menyebabkan daun-daun dolar menjadi gosong dan tidak mengkilat. Oleh karena itu
tanaman ini lebih cocok sebagai tanaman indoor. Walaupun tanaman ini tidak
tahan terhadap sinar matahari secara langsung, namun jika di letakkan di dalam
ruangan, alangkah baiknya minimal seminggu sekali tanaman ini di keluarkan di
tempat yang masih ada dinaungi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
V</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN
DAN SARAN</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dari Praktikum ini
dapat disimpulkan bahwa : </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanaman anggrek, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pertumbuhan morfologi tanaman anggrek dari 8 pot, dari hasil
pengamatan perbedaan tinggi tanaman anggrek, jumlah daun dan jumlah anakan.
Beberapa faktor yang menyebabkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pertumbuhan tanaman anggrek yang diamati yaitu: Media tanam, Intensitas
cahaya, Kelembapan udara, Temperatur, Sirkulasi udara,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Daun dollar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">gagal
atau matinya stek daun dolar di akibatkan karena terjadi penggosongan pada daun
yang di akibatkan terkena matahari langsung karena daun dolar </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tidak
tahan sinar matahari, tanaman dolar lebih menyukai tempat teduh. Sinar matahari
langsung akan menyebabkan daun-daun dolar menjadi gosong dan tidak mengkilat.
Oleh karena itu tanaman ini lebih cocok sebagai tanaman indoor. Walaupun
tanaman ini tidak tahan terhadap sinar matahari secara langsung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertumbuhan
morfologi tanaman sawi dari 4 polybag, 2 polybag diambil sampel sebagai tanaman
sawi yang subur dan 2 lagi tanaman sawi yang tidak subur. Dari hasil telihat
perbedaan tinggi tanaman sawi, lebar daun dan jumlah daun. Beberapa faktor yang
menyebabkan perbedaan pertumbuhan tanaman sawi tersebut yaitu : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Faktor cahaya, Faktor suhu, Faktor air dan
Nutri<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">s</b>i.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Saran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaiknya
praktikum kali ini dilaksanakan di Green House ini dikarenakan tanaman yang
ditanam tidak membutuhkan intensitas cahaya matahari yang terlalu tinggi</span></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-7969882720488891152013-01-30T16:41:00.002-08:002013-01-30T16:41:49.965-08:00LAPORAN EKONOMI PRODUKSI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .3in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.3in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pembangunan di sektor
pertanian mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting dalam pembangunan nasional,
karena pembangunan pertanian berkaitan erat dengan pembangunan industri,
kesehatan, perbaikan ekonomi dan penyediaan sandang, papan serta lapangan kerja
dan lain-lain. Pembangunan pertanian diarahkan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan
masyarakat dengan titik berat kepada upaya peningkatan kesejahteraan umum yang
berusaha di bidang pertanian (Tanmella, 2001).</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perkembangan pertanian di
Indonesia tidak dapat dilepaskan dari perkembangan upaya pemenuhan bahan pangan
nasional, terutama beras (Taryoto & Pranadji, 1995). Hal ini dikarenakan
beras sebagai bahan makanan pokok bagi sebagian besar masyarakat Indonesia,
dengan aktivitas produksinya yang melibatkan sekitar 40 persen tenaga kerja
pertanian, merupakan komoditas strategis baik secara ekonomi, sosial maupun
politik. Kelangkaan produk ataupun instabilitas harga beras dapat menimbulkan
keresahan masyarakat yang selanjutnya dapat memicu gangguan stabilitas sosial,
ekonomi serta keamanan</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak terbantahkan bahwa
sektor petanian dalam pembangunan menjadi penyangga ekonomi nasional pada saat
krisis ekonomi. Sektor pertanian sebagai salah satu sektor penyedia lapangan
kerja nasional terbesar yaitu lebih dari</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">40 persen kesempatan
kerja nasional berasal dari sektor pertanian. Sektor pertanian merupakan
penyedia utama kebutuhan pangan masyarakat Indonesia yang merupakan kebutuhan
dasar dan hak asasi manusia. Selain itu, sektor pertanian juga menyediakan
pasar yang sangat besar untuk produk manufaktur karena jumlah penduduk
pekelurahanan yang besar dan terus mengalami peningkatan. Sektor pertanian
merupakan salah satu sektor yang paling efektif untuk mengentaskan kemiskinan
di wilayah pekelurahanan melalui peningkatan pendapatan mereka yang bekerja di
sektor petanian.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Upaya peningkatan
kesejahteraan bagi masyarakat secara menyeluruh telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah
pada berbagai bidang/sektor pembangunan. Pada sektor pertanian, upaya penanggulangan
terhadap masalah yang dihadapi petani kecil diwujudkan dalam berbagai program,
seperti pengadaan peralatan pertanian, pengadaan bibit unggul, pengadaan pupuk,
pengadaan kredit, dan pembentukan koperasi petani. Kebijaksanaan pemerintah ini
walaupun dimanfaatkan para petani di berbagai daerah sesuai tujuannya,
tampaknya hal tersebut belum merata untuk daerah lain. </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.3in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuan Praktek Lapang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tujuan dari</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">praktek lapang</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN">ini
adalah :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Meng</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">etahui penggunaan faktor-faktor produksi pada
produksi usaha tani.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menghitung
biaya produksi pada usaha tani.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: list 27.0pt 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Meng</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">hitung produksi dan pendapatan Usahatani jagung</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .3in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.3in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegunaan Praktek Lapangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Kegunaan dari praktek lapang ekonomi produksi adalah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Sekaligus bahan informasi dalam
menganalisa pendapatan petani responden sekaligus pengaplikasian materi yang
diterima di bangku kuliah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Dapat melihat secara langsung
pelaksanaan kegiatan usahatani di pedesaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Dengan adanya praktek lapang
merupakan salah satu latihan dalam pengambilan data untuk penelitian-penelitian
selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 39.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TINJAUAN PUSTAKA</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.1. Konsep
Produksi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Konsep
adalah lambang-lambang yang dipergunakan untuk menyatakan buahpikiran yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempunyai arti khusus. Sedangkan hukum adalah
peraturan-peraturan tentang sesuatu hal yang telah disepakati kebenarannya.
Konsep<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>produksi yang sering dijumpai di
bab yang lebih lanjut adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Konsep Efisiensi Ada dua konsep
efisiensi dalam penyelenggaraan produksi yaitu efisiensi teknis dan ekonomis.
Efisiensi teknis menyatakan perbandingan output fisik dengan input fisik telah
mencapai maksimum. Efisiensi ekonomis menyatakan kondisi proses produksi elah
mencapai keuntungan yang maksimum berupa nilai uang (bukan berupa hasil produk
fisik).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Konsep Keuntungan Maksimum dan
Kerugian Minimum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Keuntungan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maksimum dan kerugian minimum merupakan
perwujudan perilaku produsen yang mengejar kepuasan maksimum dari apa yang
dikerjakan. Dengan menggunakan konsep tersebut memudahkan analisis kuantitatif
dari perilaku produsen yang bersifat abstrak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Konsep Optimasi Optimasi adalah
keputusan produsen bekerja dengan optimal (optimum = seimbang = baik). Keadaan
ini tercapai jika keuntungan maksimum tercapai atau dalam kerugian minimum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Konsep Jangka Waktu Produksi
Ada dua jangka waktu yang menjadi perhatian dalam analisis produksi yaitu
jangka pendek (Short Run) dan jangka panjang (Long Run). Short Run adalah waktu
yang cukup lamauntuk mengubah output tanpa mengubah kapasitas usaha
(perusahaan). Sedangkan Long Rn adalah jangka waktu yang cukup lama untuk
mengubah output dengan mengubah kapasitas usaha (perusahaan).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Konsep Mekanisme Pasar
Mekanisme pasar adalah bekerjanya perekonomian melalui pasar. Dalam mekanisme
pasar, tingkat harga ditentukan oleh kebebasan bertindak agen-agen ekonomi yang
menghasilkan kekuatan permintaan dan penawaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Konsep Marjinal/Marginal Konsep
adalah perbandingan antara nilai tambahan produk dengan nilai tambahan satu
satuan input.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">2.2.
Produksi Total, Produksi Rata – Rata, Produksi Marginal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Produksi adalah kegiatan mengubah faktor produksi
menjadi barang dan jasa. Semua faktor yang terlibat dalam proses produksi
disebut faktor produksi (input produksi) adapu jenis – jenis
produksi dapat kita lihat dibawa ini :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Produksi total (total product)
adalah banyaknya produksi yangdihasilkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dari kombinasi penggunaan faktor produksi.<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;">TP =f (x)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Produksi marjinal (marginal
product)adalah tambahan produksi karenapenambahan penggunaan satu unit faktor
produksi. MP = ∆TP/∆x<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Produksi rata-rata (average
product) adalah rata-rata output yang dihasilkanper unit faktor produksi.<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;">AP = TP/x = f (x)/x</span>Secara matematis TP akan
maksimum apabila turunan pertama dari fungsinilainya sama dengan nol. Turunan
pertama TP adalah MP, maka TP<span style="letter-spacing: -.9pt;">maksimum pada
saat MP = 0.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Faktor-faktor Produksi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hernanto (1989), menyatakan dalam
usahatani selalu ada empat unsur pokok dalam usahatani atau yang sering juga
disebut sebagai faktor-faktor produksi, yaitu :</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 13.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanah
usahatani dapat berupa tanah pekarangan, tegalan, sawah dan sebagainya. Tanah
tersebut dapat diperoleh dengan cara membuka lahan sendiri, membeli, menyewa,
bagi hasil (menyakap), pemberian negara, warisan ataupun wakaf. Penggunaan
tanah dapat diusahakan secara monokultur maupun polikultur ataupun tumpangsari.
</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 13.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tenaga
Kerja</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jenis
tenaga kerja adalah tenaga kerja manusia dibedakan menjadi tenaga kerja pria,
wanita dan anak-anak yang dipengaruhi oleh umur, pendidikan, keterampilan,
pengalaman, tingkat kesehatan dan faktor alam seperti iklim dan kondisi lahan.
Tenaga ini dapat berasal dari d</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">lam dan luar keluarga (biasanya dengan
cara upahan). Dalam teknis perhitungan, dapat dipakai konversi tenaga kerja
dengan cara membandingkan tenaga pria sebagai ukuran baku, yaitu : 1 pria = 1
hari kerja pria (HKP); dan 1 wanita = 0,7 HKP; 1 ternak = 2 HKP dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 anak = 0,5 HKP.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 13.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Modal</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Unsur
lainnya yang mendukung kelancaran suatu kegiatan usahatani adalah modal. Modal
dalam suatu usahatani digunakan untuk membeli sarana produksi serta pengeluaran
selama kegiatan usahatani berlangsung. Sumber modal diperoleh dari milik
sendiri, pinjaman atau kredit (kredit bank, pelepas uang/famili/tetangga dan
lain-lain), hadiah, warisan, usaha lain ataupun kontrak sewa.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengelolaan
atau Manajemen</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengelolaan
usahatani adalah kemampuan petani untuk menentukan, mengorganisir dan
mengkoordinasikan faktor-faktor produksi yang dikuasainya dengan sebaik-baiknya
dan mampu memberikan produksi pertanian sebagaimana yang diharapkan. Untuk
dapat menjadi pengelola yang berhasil, maka pengenalan pemahaman terhadap
prinsip teknik meliputi : (a) perilaku cabang usaha yang diputuskan; (b)
perkembangan teknologi; (c) tingkat teknologi yang dikuasai; (d) daya dukung
faktor cara yang dikuasai; dan (e) cara budidaya dan alternatif cara lain
berdasar pengalaman orang lain. Pengenalan dan pemahaman prinsip ekonomis
antara lain : (a) penentuan perkembangan harga; (b) kombinasi cabang usaha; (c)
pemasaran hasil; (d) pembiayaan usahatani; (e) penggolongan modal dan
pendapatan; serta (f) ukuran-ukuran keberhasilan yang lazim. Panduan penerapan
kedua prinsip itu tercermin dari keputusan yang diambi, agar resiko tidak
menjadi tanggungan si pengelola. Kesediaan menerima resiko sangat tergantung
kepada:</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">(a) tersedianya modal; (b) status petani;
(c) umur; (d) lingkungan usaha; (e) perubahan sosial; serta (f) pendidikan dan
pengalaman petani.</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 27.35pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.35pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
Biaya Produksi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Konsep<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>biaya produksi sangat penting untuk
pengambilan keputusan. Dalam menentukan jumlah barang yang akandiproduksi akan
ditentukan oleh biaya produksi per unit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 4.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Biaya
produksi merupakan jumlah kompensasi yang diterima oleh pemilik faktor produksi
yang digunakan dalam proses produksi. Biaya dapat di pisahkan menjadi : (1)
opportunity cost, yaitu biaya yang diperhitungkanatau biaya imbangan dan (2)
actual cost yaitu biaya yang sesungguhnya telahdikeluarkan. Konsep biaya
opportunitas merupaakan dasar dari azaskeuntungan komparatif.Analisis biaya
produksi dibedakan menjadi dua, (1) biaya jangkapanjang (long run) dan (2)
biaya jangka pendek (short run). Pada analisisbiaya jangka pendek adalah
terdapat faktor produksi yang tetap, sedangkan jangka panjang semua faktor
produksi dapat di ubah- ubah. Jadi Biaya produksi adalah semua pengeluaran yang
dilakukan olehperusahaan untuk memperoleh factor-faktor produksi dan
bahan-bahanmentah yang akan digunakan untuk menciptakan barang-barang yang
diproduksikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">2.5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Biaya Total, Biaya Rata – rata, Biaya Marginal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Biaya
produksi adalah semua pengeluaran yang dilakukan olehperusahaan untuk
memperoleh factor-faktor produksi dan bahan-bahan mentah yang akan digunakan
untuk menciptakan barang-barang yang diproduksikan, adapun biaya – biaya
produksi dapat kita lihat di bawa ini :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">1.
Total Cost (TC) atau biaya total, yaitu penjumlahan biaya tetap dan
biayavariabel. TC = TFC + TVC.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">2. Biaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>rata – rata di bagi atas dua yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Average Variabel Cost</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">(AVC) atau biaya variabel rata-rata adalah semua biaya
lain selain AFC yang dibebankan pada setiap unit output. AVC =TVC/Q.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB"> Average Total Cost</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">(ATC) atau biaya total rata-rata biaya produksi dari
setiap unit output yang diproduksi. ATC = TC/Q.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">3. Marginal Cost</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 31.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">(MC) atau biaya marjinal adalah kenaikan dari total cost
yang diakibatkan oleh tambahan satu unit output yang diperoduksi. MC = ∆TC/∆Q</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">METODE
PRAKTEK LAPANG</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.1<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lokasi Praktek Lapang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kegiatan
praktek lapang ini dilaksanakan pada tanggal 8-9 Desember 2012 yang berlokasi
di Desa Bonto Maccini, Kecamatan Sinoa, Kabupaten Bantaeng.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.2<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode Praktek Lapangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">Metode p</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">raktek lapang</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> yang digunaka</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">n</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> adalah </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">metode survei</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;">. Tujuan dari </span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">metode survei</span><span style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <span lang="IN">adalah
memberikan gambaran secara mendetail tentang latar belakang, sifat-sifat atau karakter
yang khas dari kasus atau status dari individu yang kemudian sifat-sifat yang
khas tersebut akan dijadikan hal yang bersifat umum (Nazir, 2003).Kriteria
responden yang dipilih adalah 1) bersedia diwawancarai dengan dipandu kuesioner
yang disediakan dan 2) petani yang menjadi respoden adalah petani pemilik lahan</span></span><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> atau penyakap lahan.</span><span lang="IN" style="mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Metode
Pengumpulan Data</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan dua cara
yakni pengumpulan data primer dengan melakukan wawancara kepada para petani
secara langsung dengan menggunakan daftar pertanyaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Quisioner</i> yang telah dipersiapkan sebelumnya, serta pengumpulan
data sekunder yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>diperoleh dari Kantor
Desa setempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.4<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Metode
Analisis Data</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis
data yang digunakan adalah analisis secara deskriptif, dimana data yang telah
dikumpulkan kemudian dikelompokkan lalu ditabulasi dalam bentuk tabel. analisis
biaya dan pendapatan petani, meliputi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Gross Output</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gross Output (
GOP ) adalah pendapatan kotor yag diterima oleh petani yang diperoleh dari
jumlah produksi yang dihasilkan lalu dikalikan dengan harga komoditi tersebut.
Harga atau nilai produksi itu dinilai berupa uang dari bagian yang telah dijual
untuk memperoleh GOP. Untuk lebih jelasnya dapat dilihat pada rumus di bawah
ini :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><b>GOP<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Produksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>x<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Harga</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dimana,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0in -.5in 12.0pt .25in .5in .75in 81.0pt 2.0in 2.25in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">G</span><span lang="EN-GB">OP<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gross Output ( Rp )</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; tab-stops: .25in .5in .75in 81.0pt 2.25in 2.75in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Produksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Jumlah komoditi
yang dihasilkan dari suatu kegiatan usahatani ( Kg )<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; tab-stops: -1.0in -.5in .25in .5in .75in 81.0pt 2.0in; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Harga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Nilai produksi dalam setiap satuan (Rp/Kg).</span></div>
<div class="1Numbers2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Gross Margin</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Gross Margin (GM) merupakan selisih antara
penerimaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(GOP ) dengan total biaya variabel. Angka gross margin yang merupakan
konstribusi usaha terhadap biaya tetap dan keuntungan setelah biaya variabel
dibayar adalah diperlukan dalam perencanaan ushatani, ini dapat dilihat pada
rumus di bawah ini : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB">GM = GOP<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BV</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dimana,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">GM<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Gross Margin</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">GOP<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Gross Output</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">BV<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Biaya Variabel</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Net Farm Income</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Net Farm
Income ( NFI ) adalah pendapatan bersih yang diterima oleh petani, yang
diperoleh setelah Gross Margin dikurangi dengan Biaya Tetap, ini seperti pada
rumus di bawah ini :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">NFI<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= GM<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>BT</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dimana,</span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">NFI<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Net Farm Income ( Rp
)</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GM<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
Gross Margin ( Rp )<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">BT<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Biaya Tetap</span></div>
<div class="1Numbers2" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">R/C Ratio</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/C
Ratio adalah merupakan perbandingan jumlah seluruh biaya yang dikeluarkan
selama sekali proses produsi. Ada beberapa penilaian terhadap keberhasilan
pengelolaan usahatani sehingga dapat bernilai untung, rugi atau impas. Untuk
lebih jelanya dapat dilihat pada rumus di bawah ini :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -1.0in -.5in .25in .5in .75in 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Total Revenue</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -1.0in -.5in .25in .5in .75in 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">R/C Ratio<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= </span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">----------------</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: -1.0in -.5in .25in .5in .75in 81.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Total Cost</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: -1.0in -.5in .25in .5in .75in 81.0pt 1.5in 117.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">dimana,</span><span lang="EN-GB"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">R/C
Ratio Perbanding<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>antara total
pendapatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan total biaya</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Total Renevue<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Total Pendapatan ( Rp )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Total Cost<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= Total biaya yang digunakan( Rp )</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Usahatani dikatakan untung apabila hasil yang diperoleh mendapatkan
selisih yang besr antara penerimaan dengan biaya-biaya produksi yang telah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dikeluarkan (<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>R/C<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ratio<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1
), dan usahatani dikatakan impas apabila penerimaan sebanding dengan besarnya
biaya yang dikeluarkan ( R/C Ratio<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= 1
), sedangkan usahatani dikatakan rugi apabila penerimaan lebih kecil dari pada
biaya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dikeluarkan ( R/C Ratio<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1 ).</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB
IV</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">KEADAAN UMUM LOKASI
PRAKTEK LAPANG</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.1. Letak Geografis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Kabupaten Bantaeng merupakan salah satu kabupaten di Sulawesi
Selatan, secara geografis terletak antara 5<sup>o</sup>21 13 - 5<sup>o</sup>35
26 LS dan antara 119<sup>o</sup>51 42 -120<sup>o</sup>05 27 BT. Wilayahnya
berbatasan dengan :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Sebelah utara, Kabupaten Gowa dan Bulukumba </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Sebelah timur Kabupaten Bulukumba, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Sbelah selatan Laut Flores, </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB">Sebelah barat Kabupaten Jeneponto. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.2. Keadaan Penduduk</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Keadaan penduduk </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">di Desa Bonto Maccini</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> <span lang="IN">dapat dilihat berdasarkan jumlah</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">penduduk, umur dan jenis kelamin. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Berdasarkan laporan tahunan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">di Desa Bonto Maccini</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">jumlah
penduduk sementara yang mendiami daerah tersebut adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.376</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> jiwa dengan jumlah kepala keluarga </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">745
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">KK</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.3. Keadaan Pertanian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b>umum masyarakat Desa Bonto Maccini mengalami
dua musim peralihan yakni musim kemarau dan musim hujan. Musim kemarau, para
petani mengandalkan pengairan setengah tekhnis dengan menanam jagung dan
beberapa jenis sayuran. Musim hujan para petani mulai menanam padi dan beberapa
jenis sayuran yang sesuai dengan kondisi cuaca setempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sarana dan Prasarana</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sarana dan pra-sarana yang digunakan
secara umum; bibit unggul, pupuk(beberapa jenis pupuk yang digunakan), mesin
pertanian (penyemprot, traktor tangan,dsb), alat transportasi (mobil
pengangkut), Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMD) sebagai pengumpul, dan sebagainya.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB V</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">HASIL
DAN PEMBAHASAN PRAKTEK LAPANG</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Identitas Responden</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umur
sangat mempengaruhi tingkat prduktifitas petani. Umur yang cukup produktif
berkisaran antara umur 20 – 55 tahun. Umur mempengaruhi kemampuan atau kekuatan
dalam bekerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendidikan
juga turut beperan penting dalam kegiatan pertanian. Hal ini berkaitan dengan
pengetahuan tentang disiplin ilmu yang di kuasai dalam penerapan ilmu
pertanian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengalaman berusaha tani</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengalaman
berusahatani juga berpengaruh terhadap hasil produksi petani. Hal ini terkait
analisisnya dalam melakukan usahataninya kedepan dengan melakukan perbandingan
dengan usahatani sebelumnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Luas klahan juga akan sangat berperan
penting dalam produktifitas petani. Dimana jumlah hasil produksi terganjung
dari banyaknya atau luas lahan yang di kelola petani.</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 18.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 549px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 38.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; height: 38.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.5pt;" width="87">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Responden</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; height: 38.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" width="91">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Umur (thn)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; height: 38.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" width="88">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pendidikan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; height: 38.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.85pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pengalaman
Ber-U-T</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; height: 38.1pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.35pt;" width="122">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jml tanggungan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.5pt;" width="87">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" width="91">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">30</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" width="88">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SD</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.85pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">15 thn</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.35pt;" width="122">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4 org</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 34.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; height: 34.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 65.5pt;" width="87">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 67.9pt;" width="91">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">41</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 66.15pt;" width="88">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SD</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 120.85pt;" width="161">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">20 thn</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A8A8A8 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 34.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid #A8A8A8 .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 91.35pt;" width="122">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4 org</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber : Data sekunder
yang telah di olah, 2013</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.2 Penggunaan Faktor Produksi </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Benih </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Benih</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> secara umum adalah
istilah yang dipakai untuk bahan dasar pemeliharaan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaman" title="Tanaman"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tanaman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan" title="Hewan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hewan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Istilah ini biasanya dipakai bila bahan dasar ini berukuran jauh lebih kecil
daripada ukuran hasil akhirnya (dewasa)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pupuk </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pupuk</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah material yang
ditambahkan pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Media_tanam&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Media tanam (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">media tanam</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanaman" title="Tanaman"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tanaman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
untuk mencukupi kebutuhan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hara" title="Hara"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
yang diperlukan tanaman sehingga mampu berproduksi dengan baik. Material pupuk
dapat berupa bahan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Organik&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Organik (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">organik</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
ataupun non-organik (mineral). Pupuk berbeda dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suplemen&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Suplemen (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">suplemen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.
Pupuk mengandung bahan baku yang diperlukan pertumbuhan dan perkembangan
tanaman, sementara suplemen seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormon_tumbuhan" title="Hormon tumbuhan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hormon
tumbuhan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> membantu kelancaran proses metabolisme. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pestisida </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pestisida</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah bahan yang
digunakan untuk mengendalikan, menolak, memikat, atau membasmi organisme
pengganggu. Nama ini berasal dari <i>pest</i> ("</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama" title="Hama"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">hama</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">")
yang diberi akhiran <i>-cide</i> ("pembasmi"). Sasarannya
bermacam-macam, seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangga" title="Serangga"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">serangga</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikus" title="Tikus"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tikus</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulma" title="Gulma"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gulma</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">burung</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mamalia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" title="Ikan"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ikan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikrobia" title="Mikrobia"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mikrobia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
yang dianggap mengganggu. Pestisida biasanya, tapi tak selalu, beracun. dalam
bahasa sehari-hari, pestisida seringkali disebut sebagai "racun".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tenaga kerja </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tenaga kerja</span><span lang="EN-GB"> merupakan penduduk yang berada dalam usia kerja. Menurut UU No. 13
tahun 2003 Bab I pasal 1 ayat 2 disebutkan bahwa tenaga kerja adalah setiap
orang yang mampu melakukan pekerjaan guna menghasilkan barang dan atau jasa
baik untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sendiri maupun untuk masyarakat. Secara garis
besar penduduk suatu negara dibedakan menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu tenaga kerja
dan bukan tenaga kerja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.3<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Analisis Pendapatan Usahatani</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Responden
1</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 595px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" width="216">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis Saprodi</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.85pt;" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harga (Rp/st)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Nilai (Rp)</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" width="216">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Benih (Kg)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.85pt;" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3
bks(15 kg)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: center 37.25pt right 74.5pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">65.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">195.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" width="216">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pupuk Urea (Kg)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.85pt;" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2
zak(100 kg)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">100.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">200.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" width="216">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pupuk </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">organik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (Kg)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.85pt;" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2 zak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">100</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kg)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">75.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">150.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" width="216">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pupuk SP36 (Kg)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.85pt;" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" width="216">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tenaga Kerja Keluarga</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.85pt;" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" width="216">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tenaga Kerja Luar Keluarga</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.85pt;" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2
orang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">45.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">90.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" width="216">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pestisida (herbisida)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.85pt;" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1
btl</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">48.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">48.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" width="216">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bajak</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.85pt;" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1
unit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">70.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">70.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 2.25in;" width="216">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cangkul</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 96.85pt;" width="129">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1
unit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">50.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">50.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber : Data sekunder yang telah
di olah, 2013</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-insideh: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-border-insidev: .5pt solid windowtext; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 595px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">No</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis Saprodi</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jumlah</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Harga (Rp/st)</span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nilai (Rp)</span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Benih (Kg)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6
bks(30 kg)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">65.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">360.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pupuk Urea (Kg)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4
zak(200 kg)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">100.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">400.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pupuk TSP (Kg)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pupuk SP36 (Kg)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tenaga Kerja Keluarga</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tenaga Kerja Luar
Keluarga</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3
orang</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">45.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">135.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pestisida (herbisida)</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1
btl</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">48.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">48.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Traktor tangan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1
unit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">15.000.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 31.5pt;" width="42">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 166.5pt;" width="222">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cangkul</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 92.35pt;" width="123">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1
unit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.3pt;" width="114">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">50.000</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 70.9pt;" width="95">
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">50.000</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sumber : Data sekunder yang telah
di olah, 2013</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Luas
lahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0,30 Ha </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Produksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>500 Kg/Ha </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harga
Jagung<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Rp 2300 ,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Luas
lahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">0,50
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ha
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Produksi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">700 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kg/Ha
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Harga Jagung<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
Rp</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">. 2.300</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GOP
Jagung<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Rp. 2300/Kg x 5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0 Kg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= Rp. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1.1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GOP
Jagung<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Rp. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2.300</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">/Kg </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">x</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">700 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
Rp. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1.610.000</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biaya
Variabel (BV) Jagung<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Benih<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=
Rp. 195.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.
Pupuk Urea<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= Rp.
200.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.
Pupuk ZA<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= Rp. ,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d.
Pupuk NPK<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= Rp. ,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e.
Pupuk organik<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= Rp. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">15</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">f.
Tenaga kerja luar keluarga= Rp.90.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g.
Pestisida (herbisida)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Rp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>48.000 +</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Total
BV<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= Rp. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">68</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.000.-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biaya
Variabel (BV) Jagung<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.05pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Benih<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>=
Rp. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">360</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.
Pupuk Urea<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= Rp. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">00.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.
Pupuk ZA<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= Rp. ,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">d.
Pupuk NPK<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= Rp. ,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">e.
Pupuk organik<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= Rp. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">30</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">0.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">f.
Tenaga kerja luar keluarga= Rp.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">135</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">g.
Pestisida (herbisida)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Rp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>48.000 +</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Total
BV<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span>= Rp. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1.24</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.000.-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biaya
Tetap (BT) Jagung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pajak
lahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Rp. 4.500</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyusutan
alat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 110.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cangkul
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rp. 10.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 110.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bajak
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rp. 20.000 +</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Total
BT Jagung<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Rp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>34.500,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Biaya
Tetap (BT) Jagung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pajak
lahan<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= Rp. 5000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyusutan
alat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 110.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cangkul
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rp. 10.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 110.25pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bajak
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rp. 20.000 +</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Total
BT Jagung<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Rp.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>35.000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GM
Jagung<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= GOP Jagung – BV Jagung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
Rp.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 1.150.000</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
– Rp. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">683.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= Rp.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 467.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">GM
Jagung<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= GOP Jagung – BV Jagung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
Rp. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1.610.000 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">–
Rp. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1.243.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>= Rp.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 367.000</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NFI
Jagung = GM Jagung – B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">T</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Jagung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>= Rp. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">6</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">83.000,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– Rp. 34.500</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>= Rp.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">6</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">49.000</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NFI
Jagung <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= GM Jagung – BT Jagung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Rp.367.000<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>– Rp. 35.000</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= Rp.332.000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>1</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Π
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>= TR – TC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rp.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 1.1</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.000, – Rp. 717.500,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rp. 432.500,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Respoden</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">∏
= TR – TC</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rp.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 1.610.000</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
– Rp. 1.278.000,</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rp.332.000,-</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB VI</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 24.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.1
Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dari hasil analisis usahatani kedua
responden menyatakan akan kemampuan produksi tergantung luas lokasi lahan serta
sarana produksi yang digunakan. Beberapa hal turut berperan dalam proses
produksi hasil pertanian yang maksimum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Beberapa faktor produksi yang turut
berperan penting adalah benih unggul, luas lahan yang dikeolah petani dan
tenaga kerja yang berkompeten termasuk pendidikan, skill, pengalaman
berusahatani serta penggunaan pupuk yang berimbang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6.2 saran</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agar sekiranya pemerintah dapat
lebih peka terhadap kebutuhan masyarkat petani yang mampu mendongkrak
produktifitas maksimum untuk mencapai ketahanan pangan dearah maupun nasional.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk para mahasiswa dan dosen agar
lebih cermat dalam meneliti dan menilai kondisi masyarakat petani sehingga seluruh
masyarkat petani dan pemerintah dapat disinergikan dengan tujuan bersama,
menciptakan ketahanan pangan nasional.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-22479074149490420082013-01-30T02:42:00.000-08:002013-01-30T02:42:03.275-08:00KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN PERTANIAN<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
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cukup. System</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> irigasi
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produksi pertanian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keberadaan saluran irigasi yang
telah di fasilitasi oleh pemerintah serta warga setempat telah menjadi
tangungjawab bersama untuk menjaga kelangsungan keberadaan saluran irigasi
sebagai sumber air bagi warga untuk system pertanian terpadu.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun permasalahan yang ada
sekarang ini adalah system irigasi yang mulai mengalami kerusakan yang
dikarenakan termakan usia. Hal ini sangat mempengaruhi kondisi pertanian warga
setempat. Kekurangan pasokan air ini mengakibatkan jumlah produksi yang semakin
menurun, kwalitas hasil pertanian yang semakin rendah serta kesempatan di tiap
musim tanam menjadi terbatas. Dimana dampak terburuknya adalah menurunnya
tingkat kesejahteraan masyarakat sedangkan tuntutan hidup semakin berat</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HASIL INDENTIFIKASI MASALAH DAN
KEBUTUHAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa masalah yang dihadapi oleh para petani yang ada
di Desa Bonto Maccini salah satu diantaranya adalah kurangnya perhatian
pemerintah terhadap system irigasi yang ada di sana. Irgasi berperan penting
dalam pengelolaan lahan yang bergantug pada aliran air terutama lahan tadah
hujan, hal ini sangat mempengaruhi efektifitas produksi lahan pertanian
masyarakat setempat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan system irigasi yang lebih terkontrol dapat
mempengaruhi hasil pertanian hingga 50% dari keseluruhan kesempatan musim
tanam. System irigasi yang ada sekarang hanya mampu melayani hingga dua kali
musim tanam, itu pun belum secara menyeluruh dikarenakan keterbatasan volume
air yang tersedia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bahkan yang lebih memprihatinkan adalah kondisi saluran
irigasi yang semakin rusak yang termakan oleh usia. Hal ini semakin menambah
daftar kekhawatiran masyarakat setempat jika sampai saluran irigasi rusak
karena akan membatasi kesempatan musim tanam berikutnya, apalagi pada musim
kemarau.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Harapan masyarakat setempat adalah perhatian pemerintah
terhadap saluran irigasi yang sudah seharusnya di renovasi serta pembuatan
waduk yang mampu menambah volume/debet air yang tersedia sehingga cadangan air
petani terjamin keberadaannya yang menjamin kesempatan musim tanam yang ada
yang dapat menambah hasil produksi petani tiap musimnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ANALISIS
MASALAH DAN KEBUTUHAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab
kekurangan pasokan air pada saluran irigasi adalah minimnya daya tamping waduk
yang ada sehingga air yang ada tidak bisa dimanfaatkan keberadaannya, termasuk
kondisi saluran irigasi yang mengalami kerusakan pada dasar dan dindingnya
sehingga aliran air tidak dapat terfokus pada satu titik melainkan merembes
pada lahan-lahan yang tidak membutuhkan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masyarakat
membutuhkan bantuan pemerintah dalam perbaikan saluran irigasi. Pasalnya
memperbaiki saluran irigasi membutuhkan dana yang cukup besar yang tidak dapat
ditanggulangi oleh masyarakat itu sendiri.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #231f20; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pemerintah
memegang peran penting dalam setiap aktifitas masyarakat apalagi yang
berhubungan untuk kemaslahatan bersama. Terkait hal itu, masyarkat Desa Bonto
Maccini mengharapkan bantuan pemerintah secepatnya agar lahan-lahan yang kurang
efisien dapat kembali berfungsi dengan normal yang mampu menghasilakan
produktifitas maximum.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masyarkat
setempat telah melakukan koordinasi dengangan pemerintah setempat yakni Kepala
Desa untuk melakukan rehabilitasi. Yang kemudian telah ditanggapi oleh Kepala
Desa dengan menyapaikan usulan ini kepada pihak pemerintah daerah yang sampai
sekarang masih dalam proses pengkajian kelayakan proyek. Kebijakan pemerintah
masih ditunggu oleh masyarakat agar kiranya hal ini dapat membantu mendorong
perekonomian masyarakat setempat serta mampu meningkatkan kesejahteraan
masyarakat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika hal
ini terus berlarut-larut, dikhwatirkan akan menimbulkan masalah yang lebih
berat lagi untuk masyarakat setempat terkait kemampuan lahan berproduksi tanpa
ditunjang saluran irigasi yang memadai untuk seluruh masyarkat.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB
IV</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENYUSUNAN RENCANA KEBIJAKAN</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada beberapa alternatif
kebijakan-kebijakan yang dapat dibuat dari studi ini maupun yang diambil dari
komentar dari masyarakat :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sesuai kesepakatan bersama wara setempat, telah
diajukan permohonan perbaikan seluruh saran dan pra-sarana yang telah melampaui
masa efektifitasnya, termasuk saluran irigasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyediaan sarana dan prasarana terjamin, termasuk
perbaikan saluran irigasi masyarkat setempat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuatan waduk yang lebih besar kapasitasnya dari
yang ada sekarang ini (renovasi waduk)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal ini
dimaksudkan agar pembangunan pertanian masyarakat setempat dapat bhrgerak meski
hanya perlahan akan tetapi hasilnya pasti dimata masyarakat. Perhatian
pemerintah adalah semangat bagi para petani setempat.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB V</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PENENTUAN KRITERIA</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Indikator yang dipakai selama ini
untuk mengevaluasi kinerja pembangunan sector pertanian antara lain adalah
Produk Domestik Bruto (PDB), penyerapan tenaga kerja, penyedia devisa dan
peranannya menurunkan jumlah penduduk miskin. Namun demikian, masih menjadi
pertanyaan para pakar : “Apakah indikator tersebut mampu mencerminkan kinerja Riil
sektor pertanian ?” Oleh karena itu, perlu ditentukan indikator-indikator baru
yang diharapkan dapat menggambarkan pencapaian sasaran pembangunan
berkelanjutan serta keragaannya harus diukur dalam perspektif jangka panjang.
Dengan demikian kinerja pembangunan pertanian tidak lagi dilihat hanya
semata-mata dari kontribusinya terhadap perekonomian nasional tapi juga peranan
artikulatifnya yaitu keterkaitan antar sektor baik ke depan maupun ke belakang
dan peranan promotifnya yaitu merangsang pertumbuhan sektor lain secara tidak
langsung dengan menciptakan lingkungan pembangunan yang mantap.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara keseluruhan
indikator utama pembangunan pertanian di tingkat makro (nasional) dan mikro
(petani) sebanyak 8 indikator yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(1)
Pertumbuhan luas lahan irigasi,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(2)
Rasio tenaga kerja desa/kota di sektor pertanian,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(3)
Rasio tenaga kerja 15 desa/kota di sektor non pertanian,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(4)
Pertumbuhan Indeks Ketahanan Pangan (energi dan protein),</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(5)
Pertumbuhan PDRB sektor pertanian,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(6)
Pangsa PDRB sector pertanian,</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(7)
Penggunaan sarana produksi (bibit, pupuk dan pestisida), dan</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(8)
Produktivitas usahatani.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Delapan indikator utama tersebut
telah mencerminkan 38 indikator pembangunan pertanian. Ini memberikan implikasi
bahwa untuk mengetahui kondisi 52 indikator tersebut, hanya dibutuhkan
pengukuran terhadap delapan indicator utama di atas. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Untuk itu, disarankan agar kedelapan indikator utama tersebut dapat</span>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">dijadikan sebagai indikator kinerja
pembangunan pertanian.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terkait indikator pertama (1) yakni pertumbuhan luas
lahan irigasi yang menekankan pada sasaran yang ingin di capai dalam penyaluran
air dari sumbernya, yang kemudian diberikan persepsi keberhasilan sesuai
indicator keberhasilan pelaksanaan pertumbuhan luas lahan irigasi :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saluran
irigasi yang terkontrol</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pasokan
air/cadangan air/volume yang cukup serta berkelanjutan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dapat
memenuhi seluruh kebutuhan air para petani</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan
hasil dan mutu produksi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertanian</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan
kesejahteraan masyarkat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 27.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sasaran
pembangunan pertanian lima tahun ke depan adalah peningkatan ketahanan pangan,
daya saing dan pendapatan petani. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, ternyata. tingkat
pendapatan petani dan daya saing komoditas pertanian (diukur dari pertumbuhan ekspor
dan import) bukanlah indikator utama pembangunan pertanian. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Oleh karena itu,</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sasaran pembangunan pertanian bukanlah untuk
meningkatkan pendapatn petani,</span> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">tetapi
untuk meningkatkan produktivitas usahatani melalui peningkatan penggunaan</span>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sarana produksi</span>.</span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BAB VI</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ANALISIS SWOT</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 6; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Daniel</span></i><b>
</b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Start dan Ingie Hovland</span></i><b> </b>Analisis SWOT adalah instrument
perencanaaan strategis yang klasik. Dengan menggunakan kerangka kerja kekuatan
dan kelemahan dan kesempatan ekternal dan ancaman, instrument ini memberikan cara
sederhana untuk memperkirakan cara terbaik untuk melaksanakan sebuah strategi.
Instrumen ini menolong para perencana apa yang bias dicapai, dan hal-hal apa
saja yang perlu diperhatikan oleh mereka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengertian secara umun Analisis SWOT
adalah sebuah instrumen yang beraneka guna, yang dapat digunakan berkali-kali
pada berbagai tahap proyek; membangun sebuah telaah atau untuk pemanasan
diskusi sebelum membuat perencanaan. Instrumen ini dapat diterapkan secara
luas, atau sub-komponen yang kecil (bagian dari strategi) dapat dipisahkan agar
kita dapat melakukan analisis yang mendetil. SWOT sering menjadi pelengkap yang
berguna ketika melakukan Analisis Pemangku Kepentingan. Kedua instrumen ini
adalah pendahuluan yang baik sebelum melakukan Force Field Analysis dan
Influencing Mapping.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Analisis SWOT Praktek Lapang</span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kekuatan:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Desa
yang tempat saya melakukan praktek lapang dekat dari kota dan dekat dengan
sarana fital seperti rumah sakit, kantor polisi dan prasarana lainnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada daerah praktek lapang fasilitas rumah, makanan,
dan prasarana penunjang lainnya dikukung penuh oleh mahasiswa sehinnga
memudahkan untuk melakukan praktek lapang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kelemahan:</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Praktek
ini hanya sebatas pelengkap dari SKS yang dibelanjakan belum bisa bermanfaat
bagi banyak orang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami
belum mempunyai sekian banyak peserta sehingga praktek yang kami lakukan
kesannya kurang efektif bagi mahasiswa maupun responden ( Petani).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami
rentan menghadapi situasi bila ada teman-teman mahasiswa yang kurang aktif
dalam melakukan kegiatan pengambilan responden.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Peluang:</span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kami
melakukan bisa mengetahui masalah-masalah apa saja yang dihadapi oleh petani.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Melalui
studi lansung kelapangan pemerintah bisa melihat apa-apa saja yang dibutuhkan
oleh para petani</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pihak
Universitas maupun Fakultas sangat mendukung praktek lapang ini </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ancaman:</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pihak
pemerintah yang bersangkutan dengan masalah yang ada dipetani ini akan
melakukan protes keras apabila hasil yang kami dapatkan dilapangan tidak sesuai
dengan data-data yang ada di Pemerintahaan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada
banyak bukti berlawanan yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan protes keras ke
pemerintah daerah maupun pemerintah yang ada di pusat.</span></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-25816766702961386172012-11-07T19:29:00.000-08:002012-11-07T19:29:16.148-08:00TEKNIK BUDIDAYA PENGGEMUKAN SAPI BALI<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Latar
Belakang</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Salah satu kebijakan pemerintah dalam pembangunan peternakan
di Indonesia adalah upaya dalam pencukupan kebutuhan protein hewani, yang pada
gilirannya hal ini akan berpengaruh pada kecerdasan bangsa. Salah satu produk produk
protein hewani adalah daging, yang dapat dihasilkan dari berbagai komoditas
ternak, baik dari ternak besar, ternak kecil, dan unggas. Ternak besar,
terutama sapi, mempunyai peran yang sangat besar dalam penyediaan daging.
Daging sapi pada umumnya dihasilkan dari sapi potong, seperti sapi bali, sapi
madura, dan sapi peranakan ongole. Selain jenis sapi tersebut, beberapa
perusahaan penggemukan yang mempunyai modal kuat menggunakan bibit sapi impor
dari Australia. Namun, sejalan dengan krisis yang melanda negara kita
akhir-akhir ini menghadapkan kegiatan penggemukan sapi dengan menggunakan sapi
impor menjadi usaha sangat berat, bahkan perusahaan penggemukan skala besar pun
mencoba mengalihkan usahanya, kalau tidak menutup usahanya. Kondisi yang
semacam ini menjadi tantangan dan sekaligus peluang bagi kita untuk mengisi
kekurangan suplai daging dengan memberdayakan potensi yang kita punya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi bali merupakan sapi asli Indonesia yang diketahui
mempunyai keunggulan-keunggulan dan nyata-nyata disukai oleh petani peternak,
sehingga pengembangannya telah merata hampir di seluruh pelosok nusantara. Hal
ini sejalan dengan usaha yang dilakukan oleh sebagian besar masyarakat
Indonesia, yaitu sebagai petani. Ternak sapi merupakan bagian dari sebagian
kehidupan petani karena dengan memelihara ternak sapi petani mendapatkan
manfaat yang dapat meningkatkan hasil pertanian dan kesejahteraan keluarga
petani.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Permasalahan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kurangnya masyarakat yang melirik
bisnis daging sapi lokal di indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minimnya pengetahuan masyarakat
dalam pembudidayaan sapi potong lokal indonesia.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebutuhan komsumsi daging di
masyarakat makin meningkat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tujuan dan Kegunaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menciptakan
lapangan kerja bagi keluarga</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mendapatkan
pupuk kandang dari kotorannya, yang saat ini sangat terasa karena pupuk buatan
tidak lagi disubsidi oleh pemerintah sehingga harganya sangat mahal. Untuk
menggantikan sebagian pupuk nitrogen, petani dapat memanfaatkan urin sapi untuk
disiramkan pada tanaman pertanian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat
memanfaatkan tenaga sapi untuk pengolahan lahan dan bentuk tenaga kerja
lainnya.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil
jual ternak, baik yang didapat dari pertambahan berat badan maupun yang didapat
dari tambahan anak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari manfaat
tersebut diatas, memelihara sapi merupakan suatu usaha yang menguntungkan.
Untuk mendapatkan kesuksesan dalam pemeliharaan ternak, perlu kiranya
pengetahuan yang menunjang keberhasilan beternak, yang secara garis besar akan
diuraikan lebih lanjut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknik
Budidaya sapi bali</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Teknis Pemeliharaan Ternak Sapi
Penggemukan</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jenis Ternak Sapi PotongSapi-sapi
Indonesia yang dijadikan sumber daging adalah sapi Bali, sapi Ongole, sapi PO
(peranakan ongole) dan sapi Madura. Selain itu juga sapi Aceh yang banyak
diekspor ke Malaysia (Pinang). Dari populasi sapi potong yang ada, yang
penyebarannya dianggap merata masing-masing adalah: sapi Bali, sapi PO, Madura
dan Brahman.Sapi Bali berat badan mencapai 300-400 kg. dan persentase karkasnya
56,9%. Sapi Aberdeen angus (Skotlandia) bulu berwarna hitam, tidak bertanduk,
bentuk tubuh rata seperti papan dan dagingnya padat, berat badan umur 1,5 tahun
dapat mencapai 650 kg, sehingga lebih cocok untuk dipelihara sebagai sapi
potong. Sapi Simental (Swiss) bertanduk kecil, bulu berwarna coklat muda atau
kekuning-kuningan. Pada bagian muka, lutut kebawah dan jenis gelambir, ujung
ekor berwarna putih.Sapi Brahman (dari India), banyak dikembangkan di Amerika.
Persentase karkasnya 45%. Keistimewaan sapi ini tidak terlalu selektif terhadap
pakan yang diberikan, jenis pakan (rumput dan pakan tambahan) apapun akan dimakannya,
termasuk pakan yang jelek sekalipun. Sapi potong ini juga lebih kebal terhadap
gigitan caplak dan nyamuk serta tahan panas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemilihan
Sapi Untuk Pembibitan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Syarat ternak yang harus
diperhatikan adalah: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1) Mempunyai
tanda telinga, artinya pedet tersebut telah terdaftar dan lengkap silsilahnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) Matanya tampak cerah dan bersih. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)Tidak
terdapat tanda-tanda sering batuk, terganggu pernafasannya serta dari hidung
tidak keluar lendir. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4) Kukunya
tidak terasa panas bila diraba. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5) Tidak
terlihat adanya eksternal parasit pada kulit dan bulunya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6) Tidak
terdapat adanya tanda-tanda mencret pada bagian ekor dan dubur. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7) Tidak ada
tanda-tanda kerusakan kulit dan kerontokan bulu. Pusarnya bersih dan kering,
bila masih lunak dan tidak berbulu menandakan bahwa pedet masih berumur kurang
lebih dua hari. Untuk menghasilkan daging, pilihlah tipe sapi yang cocok yaitu
jenis sapi Bali, sapi Brahman, sapi PO, dan sapi yang cocok serta banyak
dijumpai di daerah setempat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciri-ciri sapi potong tipe pedaging adalah
sebagai berikut:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1) Tubuh Dalam, Besar, Berbentuk
Persegi Empat/Bola. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) Kualitas Dagingnya Maksimum dan
Mudah Dipasarkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3) Laju Pertumbuhannya Relatif
Cepat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4) Efisiensi Pakannya Tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara
Pemilihan Bakalan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bakalan yang baik untuk digunakan
sebagai bahan penggemukan adalah : Sapi Sehat (Tidak Ada Tanda Penyakit);
Berkelamin Jantan; Jenis Limosin, Simental, Brahman, Bali, Madura, Ongole
ataupun PFH; Bentuk Badan Panjang Kaki Pendek/Kuat Dada Lebar dan Dalam; Umur
Antara 1-2 Tahun (Sapi Muda) Umur 2-3Tahun (Sapi Dewasa). Bentuk Kerangka yang
Besar dan Panjang; Kepala dan Moncong Besar; Bulunya yang Mengkilap Namun
kenyataan dilapangan bahwa untuk memperoleh bakalan yang benarbenar sempurna
sesuai dengan persyaratan di atas adalah sangat sulit oleh karena itu
diusahakan agar kondisinya lebih mendekati persyaratan tersebut. Cara modern
yang saat ini digalakkan oleh pemerintah adalah dengan Inseminasi Buatan (IB)
atau kawin suntik. Dengan cara ini dapat dipastikan akan memperoleh hasil bakalan
yang baik dan terjamin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspek
Ekonomi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam
kehidupan ekonomi,<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi Bali merupakan hewan ternak
yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari kehidupan masyarakat petani di Bali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi Bali sebagai tenaga kerja
pertanian.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi Bali sudah
dipelihara secara turun menurun oleh masyarakat petani Bali sejak zaman dahulu.
Petani memeliharanya untuk membajak sawah dan tegalan, untuk menghasilkan pupuk
kandang yang berguna untuk mengembalikan kesuburan tanah pertanian.Sapi Bali
sebagai sumber pendapatan. Sapi Bali mempunyai sifat subur, cepat beranak,
mudah beradaptasi dengan lingkungannya, dapat hidup di lahan kritis, dan
mempunyai daya cerna yang baik terhadap pakan. Keunggulan lain yang sudah
dikenal masyarakat adalah persentase karkas yang tinggi, juga mempunyai harga
yang stabil dan bahkan setiap tahunnya cenderung meningkat membuat sapi Bali
menjadi sumber pendapatan yang diandalkan oleh petani.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi Bali sebagai sarana upacara
keagamaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam agama
Hindu, sapi dipakai dalam upacara butha yadnya sebagai caru, yaitu hewan korban
yang mengandung makna pembersihan. Demikian juga umat Muslim juga membutuhkan
sapi untuk hewan Qurban </span><a href="http://balivetman.wordpress.com/2008/07/14/lukick-selamat-ulang-tahun-ya/" title="selamat ulang tahun lukick"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pada hari raya</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Idhul Adha.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><a href="http://peternakan.litbang.deptan.go.id/datahtml/plasmanutfah/sapi/sapi_bali.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sapi bali </span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sebagai
hiburan dan obyek pariwisata.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<a href="http://peternakan.litbang.deptan.go.id/datahtml/plasmanutfah/sapi/sapi_bali.htm"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Sapi Bali</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
juga dapat dipakai dalam sebuah atraksi yang unik dan menarik. Atraksi tersebut
bahkan mampu menarik minat wisatawan manca negara untuk menonton. Atraksi
tersebut adalah megembeng </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(di kabupaten Jembrana) dan
gerumbungan (di kabupaten Buleleng)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jadi jelas bahwasanya kebutuhan akan
sapi bali sangat banyak di butuhkan oleh masyarakat luas dalam berbagai bidang.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aspek
Pemasaran</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal-hal yang perlu
diperhatikan dalam sistem pemasaran yakni pasar yang membutuhkan suplai yang
memungkinkan, yakni masyarakat yang selalu membutuhkan keberadaan sapi bali
ini.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengingat kebutuhan akan
suplai daging setiap harinya memungkinkan untuk penyediaan daging dengan
pemanfaatan budidaya/ penggemukan sapi bali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Disamping volume daging yang memungkinkan, hal
yang lain yang juga dapat dipertimbangkan yakni dari aspek sosial-budaya, bagi
sebagian masyarakat luar guna kepentingan adat budaya masiang masing. Sapi bali
sebagai salah satu obyek upacara ke agamaan, seperti ummat Hindu di Bali dan
beberapa daerah laian dengan kepercayaan yang sama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kesimpulan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sapi bali
merupakan sapi asli Indonesia yang diketahui mempunyai keunggulan-keunggulan
dan nyata-nyata disukai oleh petani peternak, sehingga pengembangannya telah hampir
merata di seluruh pelosok nusantara. Hal ini sejalan dengan usaha yang
dilakukan oleh sebagian besar masyarakat Indonesia, yaitu sebagai petani.
Ternak sapi merupakan bagian dari sebagian kehidupan petani karena dengan
memelihara ternak sapi petani mendapatkan manfaat yang dapat meningkatkan hasil
pertanian dan kesejahteraan keluarga petani.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Saran
– Saran</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Untuk
mendukung budidaya sapi bali ini agar dilakukan sosialisasi menyeluruh kesegala
aspek masyarakat agar masyarakat sedikit terbuka mengenai budidaya sapi bali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sosialisasi
ini akan membantu mempertahankan keberadaan sapi pedaging lokal unggulan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Agar
dalam setiap diskusi untuk ke rasiaonalan teman teman dalam mengungkapkan
argumem yang pantas, bukan malah saling menindis satu sama lain. Diskusi ini
bertujuan untuk saling mengisi dari tiap pokok pembahasan yang di
presentasekan.</span></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-73964833442267431432012-11-04T19:43:00.001-08:002012-11-04T19:43:59.263-08:00tanaman hias anggrek yang unik<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anggrek</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Anggrek merupakan salah satu
kekayaan hayati indonesia yang panoramanya tidak kalah dengan tanaman hias
lain. Anggrek tergolong famili orchidaceae, famili ini merupakan salah satu
famili tanaman hias yang paling besar, paling beraneka ragam dan paling
menarik. Selain itu tanaman anggrek termasuk tanaman yang mempunyai kecepatan
tumbuh relatif lambat, kecepatan tumbuh berbeda-beda pada setiap jenis anggrek.
Hal ini sangat berpengaruh terhadap pemeliharaan tanaman Anggrek yang
berorientasi pada produksi bunga.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Morfologi
tanaman Anggrek</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tanaman
Anggrek terdiri dari akar, batang, daun, bunga dan Buah. Berikut ini ciri-ciri
bagian tanaman Anggrek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Akar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: Akar tanaman Anggrek berfungsi sebagai tempat menempelkan tubuh
tanaman pada media tumbuh. Akar Anggrek epifit (Anggrek yang menempel di pohon)
mempunyai lapisan vilamen yang berfungsi untuk memudahkan akar menyerap air di
kulit pohon sebagai media tumbuh Anggrek. Akar Anggrek epifit berambut pendek
sedangkan Anggrek teresterial (jenis Anggrek tanah) akarnya mempunyai rambut
yang panjang & rapat yang berfungsi untuk menyerap air & zat organik
dalam tanah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Batang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: Berdasarkan pola pertumbuhannya, batang Anggrek dibedakan menjadi 2
tipe, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe
simpodial : merupakan Anggrek yang tidak memiliki batang utama dan terdiri dari
beberapa umbi semu. Contoh : Dendrobium, cattleya, oncidium dsb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe
monopodial yaitu : Anggrek pertumbuhan batangnya lurus keatas pada satu batang
tanpa batas. Contoh : Vanda, arachnis, phalaenopsis dsb.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Daun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: bentuk daun tanaman Anggrek sangat tergantung dari jenis anggrek.
Beberapa bentuk daun anggrek, yakni : bentuk silindris, bentuk tulang dan
bentuk bertunggangan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bunga : Bunga anggrek pada umumnya
mempunyai 3 buah daun kelopak bunga sedangkan daun mahkota berjumlah dua.
Dipusat bunga terdapat alat kelamin jantan & betina yang menjadi salah satu
bagian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Buah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>setelah bunga diserbuki dan
dibuahi, 3-9 bulan kemudianmuncullah buah yang sudah tua. Kematangan buah
sangat tergantung jenis anggrek. Misalnya jenis dendrobium buah matang dalam
3-4 bulan, vanda 6-7 bulan, cattleya 8-9 bulan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-jenis
tanaman Anggrek</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anggrek
epifit (ephytis) adalah <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">jenis anggrek<b>
</b></span>yang menumpang pada batang/pohon lain tetapi tidak merusak/merugikan
tanaman yang ditumpangi (tanaman inang). Contoh anggrek epifit antara lain:
Dendrobium, Cattleya, Ondocidium, dan Phalaenopsis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anggrek
semi epifit adalah jenis anggrek yang juga menempel pada pohon/tanaman lain
yang tidak merusak yang ditumpangi. Contoh anggrek semi epifit antara lain
:Epidendrum, Leila, dan Brassavola.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anggrek
tanah (anggrek terrestris) adalah jenis anggrek yang hidup di atas permukaan
tanah. Contoh anggrek teresterial antara lain Vanda, Renanthera, Arachnis, dan
Aranthera.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anggrek
saprofit, adalah anggrek yang tumbuh pada media yang mengandung humus atau
daun-daun kering. Contoh jenis ini antara lain: Goodyera sp.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anggrek
litofit adalah jenis anggrek yang tumbuh pada batu-batuan. Contoh jenis ini
antara lain: Dendrobium dan Phalaenopsis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawatan
tanaman</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perawatan tanaman
Anggrek meliputi :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyiraman
: Air berfungsi sebagai pelarut hara dan pengatur suhu. Anggrek akan tumbuh
baik jika kebutuhan airnya tercukupi. Frekuensi dan volume air siraman
tergantung pada : jenis tanaman, ukuran tanaman, jenis media dan keadaan
lingkungan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemupukan
: Merupakan kunci utama dalam merawat anggrek agar tepat tumbuh baik dan
berbunga. Pemberian pupuk pada tanaman anggrek dilakukan secara teratur 1-2
kali seminggu. Pupuk dapat dilakukan melalui daun dan Batang.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hama
dan penyakit :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hama & penyakit yang
sering menyerang tanaman Anggrek adalah Kutu Daun (Hama) dan Rabah Bibit
(Penyakit) yang disebabkan oleh cendawan, menyerang bibit yang baru
dipindahkan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbanyakan
tanaman Anggrek</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perbanyakan
tanaman Anggrek terdiri atas dua Cara, yakni 1. Perbanyakan Generatif,
perbanyakan melalui biji. 2. Perbanyakan Vegetatif, umumnya menghasilkan
keturunan yang sifatnya sama dengan induknya. Perbanyakan vegetatif dapat
melalui : a). Pemisahan rumpun. b). Menggunakan keki. c). Menggunakan Stek. d).
Kultur jaringan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persilangan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persilangan
adalah suatu teknik mengawinkan bunga dengan meletakkan pollen / serbuk sari
pada stigma (lubang atau rongga yang dangkal berisi cairan kental agak lengket
sebagai tempat meletakkan pollen dan masuknya tabung pollen ke dalam ovari
(bakal buah) pada waktu polinasi/penyerbukan ). Dikenal dua macam persilangan,
yaitu perkawinan sendiri (<i>selfing</i>) dan perkawinan silang (<i>crossing</i>).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="color: black;">Perkawinan
sendiri (<i>selfing</i>) adalah perkawinan dengan meletakkan pollen pada stigma
yang berasal pada satu bunga, satu tanaman, tetapi masih dalam satu spesies. Ex
: <i>Dendrobium alba</i> (selfing)</span> <span style="color: black;">Perkawinan
silang (<i>crossing</i>) adalah perkawinan dengan meletakkan pollen pada stigma
yang berasal dari dua jenis bunga yang berbeda pada spesies yang sama. Ex : <i>Dendrobium
alba</i> x <i>Dendrobium albertisii</i></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anggrek
potong</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dikalangan
penganggrek, dikenal adanya Anggrek tanaman koleksi dan Anggrek sebagai tanaman
bunga potong. Kedua tanaman Anggrek tersebut mempunyai sifat dan karakteristik
yang berbeda. Anggrek yang bukan untuk bunga potong akan cepat layu ketika
dirangkai sebagai bunga hias sedangkan anggrek potong memiliki ketahanan yang
lebih lama dan mudah dibudidayakan. </span></div>
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<span id="goog_1926872118"></span><span id="goog_1926872119"></span>rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-44616244851677662342012-11-04T19:32:00.002-08:002012-11-04T19:32:40.218-08:00sistem pangan dan gizi <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SISTEM PANGAN DAN GIZI</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Status gizi masyarakat sangat dipengaruhi
oleh sistem pangan dan gizi. Sistem pangan dan gizi menyangkut serangkaian
aspek sejak tahap produksi sampai tahap pemanfaatan oleh tubuh. Karena
banyaknya faktor yang berpengaruh dan pelaku yang terlibat dalam pembangunan
pangan dan gizi maka diperlukan pendekatan sistem.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
dan Subsistem Dalam Pangan dan Gizi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem pangan dan gizi adalah suatu
rangkaian masukan, proses, dan keluaran sejak pangan masih dalam tahap produksi
(berupa bahan produk primer maupun olahan) sampai dengan tahap akhir, yaitu
pemanfaatannya dalam tubuh manusia yang diwujdkan oleh status gizi. Hal ini
berarti dalam sistem tersebut terdapat serangkaian komponen atau subsistem,
yaitu produksi, ketersediaan pangan, distribusi, konsumsi, dan gizi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pendekatan
Sistem Dalam Pangan dan Gizi</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pembangunan pangan dan gizi melibatkan
banyak pelaku, meliputi berbagai aspek dan mencakup interaksi antar wilayah.
Oleh sebab itu, pemantapan pembangunan pangan dan gizi hanya dapat diwujudkan
melalui suatu kerjasama kolektif dari seluruh pihak yang terkait
(Stakebolders), khususnya masyarakat produsen, pengolah, pemasar, dan konsumen
pangan. Kinerja para pihak tersebut sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi ekonomi
sosial, politik dan keamanan, pelayanan prasarana publik sidang transportasi,
perhubungan, telekomunikasi, dan pemodalan, pelayanan kesehatan dan pendidikan,
pengembangan teknologi, perlindungan serta kelestarian sunberdaya alam dan
lingkungan. Dengan demikian, pangan merupakan resultan dari potensi sumberdaya
alam dan sistem sosial yang mencakup jumlah penduduk, manajemen, iptek, dan
kelembagaan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengingat luasnya substansi,
faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh serta banyaknya pelaku yang terlibat dalam
pembangunan pangan dan gizi maka diperlukan pendekatan sistem. Pendekatan
tersebut dikenal sebagai sistem panagan dan Gizi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subsistem
Produksi/Ketersediaan Pangan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketersdiaan pangan merupakan kondisi
penyediaan pangan yang mencakup makanan dan minuman yang berasal dari tanaman,
ternak dan ikan serta turunannya bagi penduduk suatu wilayah dalam suatu kurun
tertentu. Ketersediaan pangan merupakan suatu sistem yang berjenjang mulai dari
nasional, provinsi (regional), lokal (kabupaten/kota), dan rumah tangga. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Komponen ketersediaan pangan meliputi
kemampuan produksi, cadangan maupun impor pangan setelah dikoreksi dengan
ekspor dan berbagai penggunaan seperti untuk bibit, pakan industri
makanan/nonpangan dan tercecer. Komponen produksi pangan dapat dipenuhi dari
produksi pertanian dan atau industri pangan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai negara agraris yang besar,
indonesia mempunyai peluang untuk meningkatkan produksi dan ketersediaan pangan
nasional. Peluang tersebut meliputi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknologi
lokal spesifik dan ramah lingkungan dapat dikembangkan untuk mendayagunakan
potensi sumberdaya alam (lahan, air, perairan, sumber hayati)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teknologi
agribisnis yang menganut konsep produksi bersih (clean production) sehingga
limbah dapat diminilisasi dengan cara memanfaatkan limbah dari suatu usaha
sebagai input bagi usaha terkait, untuk memaksimalkan diversifikasi usaha
dibidang pangan. Pemanfaatan limbah pertanian misalnya dapat dilakukan untuk
memproduksi pupuk kompos, bahan pakan, dan bahan bakar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat
produksi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tingkat produksi pangan sangat
dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hal, yaitu a) cara bertani yang lebih produktif, b)
mutu dan luas lahan, c) pola penguasaan lahan, d) pola pertanaman, e) tempat
tinggal, f) perangsang berproduksi, g) peranan sosial, dan h) tingkat
pendapatan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dinamika
industri</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Petani yang berorientasi pada pasar akan
terpengaruh oleh dinamika industri. Petani akan meningkatkan suatu produksi
pangan yang sedang banyak dibutuhkan oleh industri, seperti tomat sebagai bahan
dasar pembuatan saos tomat, kentang sebagai bahan dasar pembuatan makanan
ringan seperti potato chips, dan lain sebagainya.disisi lain, berkembangnya
industi memberi dampak pada berkurangnya lahan produktif. Oleh karena itu,
untuk meningkatkan produksi pangan perlu didukung program intensifikasi maupun
pembukaan lahan pertanian</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penanganan
pasca panen</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam usaha tani kecil yang hanya untuk
mencukupi pangan sendiri (subsistence farming) masalah teknologi pascapanen
tidak terlalu penting karena bahan makanan yang dipenen langsung dikonsumsi
sendiri. Akan tetapi, pada masa kini, biasanya produksi pangan terlebih dahulu
melewati proses penanganan pasca panen. Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi jalur
pasca panen, antara lain a) mutu produk yang terkait dengan kondisi pascapanen,
b) timbulnya penyusutan dan kerusakan selama penyimpanan dan perjalanan dari
produsen ke konsumen. Kedua faktor tersebut berpengaruh terhadap mutu dan nilai
gizi pangan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ekspor-impor</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan produksi dalam negri tidak
hanya memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri saja, tetapi juga untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan
ekspor-impor. Ekspor-impor merangsang pertumbuhan ekonomi dan diharapkan dapat
meningkatkan pendapatan perorangan, terutama petani, ekspor dapat dilakukan
pada saat harga diluar negeri tinggi dan persediaan pangan dalam negeri
mencukupi.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
Distribusi dan Pemasaran</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem distribusi yang efisien menjadi
prasyarat untuk menjamin agar seluruh rumah tangga dapat menjangkau kebutuhan
pangannya dalam jumlah dan kualitas yang cukup sepanjang waktu dengan harga
yang terjangkau. Secara aktual, terdapat berbagai permasalahan penting dalam mengembangkan
distribusi pangan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prasarana distribusi darat dan antar
pulau yang diperlukan untuk menjangkau seluruh wilayah konsumen belum memadai
sehingga terdapat wilayah-wilayah yang mengalami masalah pasokan pangan pada
waktu-waktu tertentu. Hal ini tidak hanya menghambat aksebilitas masyarakat
terhadap pangan secara fisik, tetapi juga secara ekonomis karena kelangkaan
pasokan akan memicu kenaikan harga dan mengurangi daya beli masyarakat.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pemasaran pangan biasanya melalui rantai
perdagangan yang panjang. Dari petani, pangan berturut-turut bergerak
kepedagang pengumpul di desa, pedagang menengah di kecamatan, pedagang besar
dikota, pengecer, penjaja sampai ke konsumen. Masing-masing pelaku pada rantai
perdagangan tersebut mengambil keuntungan serta memperhitungkan penyusutan,
jasa pengangkutan, jasa penyimpanan, dan jasa pelayanan sehingga perbedaan
harga penjualan oleh produsen dan harga pembelian oleh konsumen sangat besar.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subsistem
Konsumsi Pangan</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsumsi pangan adalah jenis dan jumlah
pangan yang dimakan oleh seseorang dengan tujuan tertentu pada waktu tertentu.
Konsumsi pangan dimaksudkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan individu secara biologis,
psikologis, maupun sosial. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh karena itu, ekspresi setiap
individu dalam memilih makanan akan berbeda satu dengan yang lain. Ekspresi
tersebut akan membentuk pola perilaku makanan yang disebut kebiasaan makan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jumlah jenis pangan dan jenis serta
banyaknya bahan pangan dalam pola makanan disuatu negara atau daerah tertentu,
biasannya berkembang dari pangan setempat atau dari pangan yang telah ditanam
ditempat tersebut untuk jangka waktu yang panjang. Disamping itu, kelangkaan
pangan dan kebiasaan bekerja dari keluarga juga berpengaruh terhadap pola
makan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pangan pokok yang digunakan dalam suatu
negara biasannya menempati kedudukan tinggi. Penggunaan pangan tersebut lebih
luas dari semua pangan yang lainnya, besar kemungkinannya berkembang karena
dihasilkan dari tanaman asal setempat atau setelah dibawa ketempat tersebut
tumbuh dengan cepat, kecuali itu, tanaman tersebuat menghasilkan pangan dalam
jumlah besar selama musim tanam yang panjang atau yang dapat disimpan dengan
mudah untul jangka waktu yang lama.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subsistem
Gizi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Subsistem gizi merupakan resultante dari
subsistem sebelumnya, subsistem ini dicerminkan oleh status gizi yang berkaitan
dengan penyerapan dan penggunaan zat gizi oleh tubuh. Dalam hal ini, pangan
akan mengalami berbagai tahapan, yaitu pencernaan yang terjadi dari mulut
sampai usu, penyerapan (proses zat gizi masuk kedalam darah dan diangkut kesel-sel),
pemecahan dan sintesis dalam sel dan pembuangan bahan-bahan yang tidak
diperlukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulai proses pencernaan dalam tubuh,
makanan dipecah menjadi zat gizi, kemudian diserap kedalam aliran darah yang
mengangkutnya ke berbagai bagian tubuh. Zat gizi yang tidak diperlukan setelah
diserap segera disimpan dalam tubuh untuk penggunaan dikemudian hari.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berikut ini beberapa hal yang perlu
diperhatikan sehubungan dengan proses penggunaan zat gizi oleh tubuh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelebihan
makan melampaui kebutuhan tubuh akan menyebabkan kegemukan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan
energi didalam makanan akan menyebabkan protein makanan (jika perlu juga
protein jaringan) dipergunakan sebagai sumber tenaga. Ini sangat merugikan
karena pangan sumber protein sangat mahal dan pengurangan jaringan protein akan
melemahkan tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semua
zat gizi sangat penting dalam proses pemecahan dan sintesis zat gizi. Jika
makanan tersusun secara seimbang maka akan dihasilkan kesehatan yang sempurna.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1617383283816560877.post-66152065424148085562012-11-04T19:20:00.000-08:002013-02-03T18:01:09.616-08:00MANAJEMEN PROFESIONAL<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Management profesional</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Manajemen</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">adalah perpaduan pelaksanaan
fungsi-fungsi </span> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">perencanaan (planning),
pengorganisasian (organizing), pelaksanaan (actuiting), dan
pengawasan/pengendalian (controlling) untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu dalam
waktu tertentu pula. Ada juga yang mendefinisikan manajemen sebagai perpaduan
pelaksanaan fungsi-fungsi rencana (plan), kerjakan (do), periksa (check) dan
aksi (action) untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu dalam waktu tertentu. Selain itu,
ada</span> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"> yang menerapkan model fungsi-fungsi manajemen yang terkait
dengan manajemen mutu yaitu rencana (plan), kerjakan (do), study (kajian) dan
aksi (action).</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Profesional</span></b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">diartikan sebagai ciri-ciri kekuatan yang dimiliki seseorang
berupa keahlian, kompetensi, kerja efisien, keterampilan, kualifaid-pandai,
berpengalaman, dan sifat </span> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">mengagumkan.</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Latar Belakang</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jenis
manajemen ini tidak lagi mempertimbangkan unsur hubungan keluarga dan politik.
Tetapi, posisi manajer ini benar-benar diberikan kepada orang-orang yang
mempunyai kemampuan dan kejujuran. Orang-orang seperti inilah yang dipercaya
dan dipilih untuk memimpin perusahaan atau organisasi karena mereka mengakui
kemampuannya dalam memimpin. Jadi Profesional management itu artinya, posisi
penting diberikan oleh pimpinan kepada seseorang berdasarkan keahlian,
kecakapan, dan kejujuran.</span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembahasan</span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Manajemen
adalah perpaduan pelaksanaan fungsi-fungsi perencanaan
(planning),pengorganisasian(organizing),pelaksanaan(actuiting),danpengawasan/pengendalian
(controlling) untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu dalam waktu tertentu pula. Ada
juga yang mendefinisikan manajemen sebagai perpaduan pelaksanaan fungsi-fungsi
rencana (plan), kerjakan (do), periksa (check) dan aksi (action) untuk mencapai
tujuan tertentu dalam waktu tertentu. Selain itu, ada yang menerapkan
model fungsi-fungsi manajemen yang terkait dengan manajemen mutu yaitu rencana
(plan), kerjakan (do), study (kajian) dan aksi (action).</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Profesional diartikan sebagai ciri-ciri kekuatan yang dimiliki seseorang berupa
keahlian, kompetensi, kerja efisien, keterampilan, kualifaid-pandai,
berpengalaman, dan sifat mengagumkan. Dalam konteks SDM,
manajemen profesional adalah pelaksanaan fungsi-fungsi tersebut dalam
pengembangan mutu SDM secara profesional. Lawannya adalah manajemen amatiran
yang ciri-cirinya bertentangan dengan ciri-ciri manajemen profesional. </span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ciri-ciri
manajemen profesional dalam pengembangan mutu SDM dapat dilihat dari sisi
operasional dan manajerial yakni:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Berbudaya korporat: transparansi,
independensi, responsif, akuntabilitas, dan kejujuran.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2) Dukungan manajemen
puncak.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3) Bermanfaat untuk
kepentingan internal dan juga eksternal organisasi.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)
Berorientasi ke masa depan dengan pendekatan holistik.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)
Berdimensi jangka panjang dan bersinambung.</span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">6) </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Sistem nilai-prinsip efisiensi dan efektivitas.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">7) </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Dilakukan secara terencana/terprogram.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">8) </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Monitoring dan evaluasi serta umpan balik.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">9) Dilakukan
oleh pelaku dan tentunya pimpinan unit yang memiliki:</span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">a. kompetensi atau keakhlian dan pengalaman panjang di
bidangnya.</span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">b. sifat haus pada tantangan-tantangan.</span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">c. sikap dan ketrampilan inovatif, kreatif, inisiatif dan efisien.</span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">d. integritas tinggi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">e. sifat menghargai profesi lain.</span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">f. sifat yang selalu siap menghadapi setiap resiko.</span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">g. bertanggungjawab atas setiap kata dan perbuatannya.</span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">10) </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Penggunaan teknologi tepatguna.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">11) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kepemimpinan dalam membangun komitmen.</span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">12) </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Partisipasi aktif semua anggota.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-indent: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">13) </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Kerjasama Tim.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">14) </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Pemberian penghargaan pada tiap
karyawan yang berprestasi (kompensasi termasuk peluang pendidikan-pelatihan
lanjutan dan promosi karir).</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0in;">15) </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Persuasi pada karyawan yang kurang berprestasi untuk menjadi yang
terbaik melalui konsultasi-bimbingan dan pendidikan-pelatihan bersinambung.</span> </span></div>
rahmat_berbagihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07900893000568732993noreply@blogger.com0Makassar, Indonesia-5.1333333 119.4166667-5.2598533000000005 119.2587382 -5.0068133 119.57459519999999